How Different are Emerging Multinationals' Views of Economic Integration in Europe? A Case Study of Korean Automobile Manufacturers' Strategic Reactions

This study is a survey of Korean automobile manufacturers in Europe, which examines the different perceptions of emerging multinationals to economic integration and the subsequent strategic reactions relating to their particular characteristics. The findings show dissimilar patterns and motivations for Korean automotive foreign direct investment (FDI) when compared to those of established multinationals, which are conceptualized as a pre-emptive strategic advance, particularly in relation to the changing ownership endowments and negative perceptions of the single European market. These finding imply that conventional variables are unlikely to be applicable to emerging multinationals and show the need to segregate them from other multinationals when formulating industrial policies and firm-level competing strategies.     

宋明以来宗族制形成理论辨析

The discussion of the formation of patriarchal lineage system since the Song and Ming dynasties can be divided by the turn of 1980s and 1990s. The earlier period research is rationalized by four theories under the perspective of feudal society: the theory of village commune, the theory of lineage authority, the theory of patriarchal thought, and the theory of the restriction of land relations. The theoretical breakthroughs of the latter focused on the lineage's popularization, “three changes” of the kinship organization and the social vicissitude, the national identity, the lineage's community-compactization, and the generalized analysis on the reason of patriarchal lineage's formation. __________ Translated by Xiong Ting from Anhui Shixue 安徽史学 (Historical Research in Auhui), 2007, (1): 75–87     

Tradition and Christianity: Controversial Funerals and Concepts of the Person among the Paiwan,Taiwan

This essay focuses on the complex and dynamic relationships between tradition and Christianity among the Paiwan, an Austronesian‐speaking people in Taiwan. The ethnography comes from a village in which adherents of traditional religion and Presbyterians live in the same area, but in separate quarters. They have close kinship and marriage ties; however, the funeral constitutes a major area of controversy and tension. I juxtapose their contrasting representations of death and funerals to highlight their differences and trace the source of their conflict to the ideological domain of concepts of the person. I argue that the differences in their funerals can be explained by the differences in the ways the two groups articulate two versions of the person. Adherents of traditional religion emphasize the holistic side of the person by calling the spirit of the deceased to reunite with the living, whereas Presbyterians stress the individualistic side of the person and maintain the boundary between the living and the dead. I propose that it is the co‐existence of two distinct concepts of the person and the different ways of articulating those concepts which shape the dynamic but often contradictory relationship between tradition and Christianity.     

张学良与九一八事变再探讨

基于中国国力不及日本、迷信和平和保存实力等因素考虑,九一八事变发生后,张学良在没有得到蒋介石和国民政府的明确指示下,自行实行不抵抗政策,致使沈阳失守,东北沦陷。由于在对日看法上,张学良与蒋介石观点基本一致;二人对九一八事变的处理又合作无间,所以,张学良和蒋介石对东北沦陷都应负责。论对狭义的九一八事变的处理,张学良应负直接责任;论对广义的九一八事变的处理,蒋介石则应负主要责任。但蒋、张之“不抵抗政策”,非为不抗日,而是何时抗日、如何抗日的问题。     

《髹饰录》寿笺并《<髹饰录>解说》引文校勘

明中叶黄成所著《髹饰录》是我国古代唯一传世的漆器工艺著作。本文在对《髹饰录》校勘的基础上、继对《髹饰录》寿笺并《<髹饰录>解说》引文进行校勘辨正。     

薛家岗玉器加工工艺的微痕迹初探

为探讨薛家岗文化玉器的制作工艺,采用体视显微镜进行微痕观察,并通过X-射线衍射分析、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等分析仪器的物相测试,对安徽省文物考古研究所和安徽省博物馆所藏的127件薛家岗玉器的表面加工微痕迹进行研究分析。结果显示：薛家岗玉器大多光素无纹;玉料主要以闪石玉为主,结构普遍较粗;开料以线切割技术为主,片切割技术为辅;钻孔主要为两面对钻,工具有实心钻和空心管钻,孔壁常留有螺旋钻痕和对钻台痕;玉器整体经过打磨抛光工序;出现了破裂玉器的接合修复技术;薛家岗文化晚期出现了镂空技法、减地浅浮雕技法以及阴线刻技法,体现了玉器制作工艺的明显进步。     

从官员考课看清初满洲贵族制度建设的原则

考课制度是国家定期考察官员的制度,是清代政治制度的重要组成部分。清初考课制度的确立,经历了一个不断选择、取舍的过程,到雍正初年,最终确立了以京察、大计、军政考察为主体的考课制度。本文探讨了清初考课制度的确立过程,揭示了满洲贵族在制度建设方面所遵循的诸多原则。     

Archaeogenetic study of prehistoric rice remains from Thailand and India: evidence of early <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis> in South and Southeast Asia

We report a successful extraction and sequencing of ancient DNA from carbonized rice grains (Oryza sativa) from six archaeological sites, including two from India and four from Thailand, ranging in age from ca. 2500 to 1500 BP. In total, 221 archaeological grains were processed by PCR amplification and primary-targeted fragments were sequenced for comparison with modern sequences generated from 112 modern rice populations, including crop and wild varieties. Our results include the genetic sequences from both the chloroplast and the nuclear genomes, based on four markers from the chloroplast and six from the nuclear genome. These markers allow differentiation of indica rice from japonica rice, the two major subspecies of Asian rice (O. sativa) considered to have separate geographical origins. One nuclear marker differentiates tropical and temperate forms of subspecies japonica. Other markers relate to phenotypic variation selected for under domestication, such as non-shattering, grain stickiness (waxy starch) and pericarp colour. Recovery and identification of sequences from nuclear markers was generally poor, whereas recovery of chloroplast sequences was successful, with at least one of four markers recovered in 61 % of archaeological grains. This allowed for successful differentiation of indica or japonica subspecies variety, with japonica identified in all the Thai material and a mixture of indica and japonica chloroplasts in the two Indian assemblages. Rice subspecies was also assessed through conventional archaeobotanical methods relying on grain metrics, based on measurements from 13 modern populations and 499 archaeological grains. Grain metrics also suggest a predominance of japonica-type grains in the Southeast Asian sites and a mixture of japonica and indica in the Indian sites with indica in the minority. The similar results of grain metrics and ancient DNA (aDNA) affirm that grain measurements have some degree of reliability in rice subspecies identification. The study also highlights the great potential of ancient DNA recovery from archaeological rice. The data generated in the present study adds support to the model of rice evolution that includes hybridization between japonica and proto-indica.     

Identification of the prehistoric catastrophes at the Lajia Ruins using micromorphological analysis within the Guanting Basin,Minhe County,Qinghai Province

The Lajia Ruins is a large Neolithic settlement of the Qijia Culture that is dated to 4200–3950 bp within the Guanting Basin along the upper Yellow River. Archaeological excavations have exposed extraordinary pictures of prehistoric catastrophes that ruined this settlement and caused great loss of human life. The causation of the prehistoric catastrophes is an arguable topic in the field of environmental archaeology in China and over the world. Our fieldwork investigations indicated that the palaeo-ground of the Qijia Culture at the Lajia Ruins was broken by several groups of earthquake fissures. A layer of conglomerated red clay buried the Qijia Culture at the Lajia Ruins and filled in these earthquake fissures. Determining the macro- and microscale morphological features of the conglomerated red clay provides an alternative reference for understanding the cause of the prehistoric catastrophes at the Lajia Ruins. The macrofeatures of the conglomerated red clay has a rolling surface and wavy structure, with human bodies of the Qijia Culture, stones, loess soil clods, pottery shards, burnt earth, charcoal and ash from the palaeo-ground entrapped inside. And the micromorphological features of the conglomerated red clay is characterized by rolling and wavy structure along with no directional alignment of grains within horizons and a large numbers of pores with complicated shapes, including large regular pores that can be characterized as sub-round, elliptical and cloud-like pores, as well as small irregular pores. Thus, the conglomerated red clay is classified as dense mudflow deposits. And then, we can conclude that the large Neolithic settlement of the Qijia Culture at the Lajia Ruins was buried and devastated by immense mudflows that accompanied a major earthquake.