虢国墓地出土的周代圆雕玉器

位于河南省西部的三门峡,其建城历史可以追溯到西周时期,有明确历史记载的如杜预在注释《左传》僖公五年“晋侯围上阳”载：“上阳,虢国者,在弘农陕县东南。”还有学者在《晋大康地道记》载：“扶风郡雍,西虢地也。平王东迁,虢叔自此为上阳,为南虢矣。”班固《汉书·地理志·弘农郡。陕县下》自注云：“陕,故虢国。有焦城,故焦国。”     

The Qing Dynasty Ministry of Justice Memorials and “The New History”

The Qing Dynasty Grand Secretariat Archives are considered to be among the four great ancient texts discovered in modern Chinese history, and the memorials from the Ministry of Justice have garnered particular attention due to their well-preserved socio-economic content(s). From the 20th century onwards the New History, with its emphasis on drawing upon the social sciences’ discussions of citizens, communities and society, came to replace the more traditional “Imperial Genealogy” style of historiography, affording us a grander view of history. Progressing forward with “the times,” the New History continued to innovate and diversify the field; in terms of Qing dynasty social historical research, it brought about constant exploration and change within the field, first having shifted from socio-economic history to social history, then moving on to life history, the investigation of the “seeds of capitalism,” class relations, lower-class society, marriage and family relations, law and justice, gender studies, daily life (“life, livelihood and environment”), and so on, continually pushing the boundaries of academic research. Yet, underlying all this change was a close relationship between the use of the Ministry of Justice Memorials and the field’s overall development. This article not only introduces several findings made by academicians in using the Ministry of Justice Memorials, but also sets out to further reveal the relationship between the New History and the memorials themselves, probing into the deeper question of broader changes in historiography and their relationship with generational shifts in intellectual thought.     

建国初期国家农贷的历史考察——以中南区为中心

国家银行业务在农村的延伸是新中国乡村借贷关系转型和现代化的标志之一。建国初期,为了活跃农村金融,促进农村经济的恢复与发展,国家大力举办了农贷。这一时期,国家农贷在规模上是逐年增加的,在发放对象上倾向照顾农村合作经济组织和广大贫困农民,在贷款利率上有逐年下降的趋势,在贷款用途上绝大部分是为了解决农民的生产困难。总体上看,国家农贷作为建国初期人民政府扶持和发展农村经济的重要措施之一,对当时农民的生产经营和农村经济的发展发挥了重要作用,但也存在一定的缺陷和不足。     

Between universal spaces and unique places: heritage in Universal Studios Singapore

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a case of Singapore's latest theme park, the Universal Studios Singapore (USS). While theme parks are commonly perceived as money-making entities providing entertainment to the masses, the study argues that heritage is an equally important dimension of a commercial theme park's development, identity and profile. As a heritage-rich environment, the USS is a tourism landscape shaped simultaneously by the forces of corporate heritage and local cultural considerations. ‘Glocalization’ – the interaction of global and local forces – offers a conceptual insight into understanding how themed environments are created and marketed as tourism destinations welcoming to all and yet distinctive to its community and locality. Caution, however, is also sounded as to whether an international attraction can or should ever be ‘too local’ at the risk of diluting its global brand name and broad-based appeal.     

魂系敦煌──新版“九十春秋敦煌五十年”选载(二)

常书鸿先生40年代只身前往敦煌 ,在极其艰难困苦的条件下 ,对敦煌莫高窟进行了卓有成效的保护 ,并开展了临摹研究等一系列工作 ,终于迎来了敦煌的解放和中华人民共和国的成立。为了事业 ,他吞下了妻离子散的苦果 ,心血沥沥 ,饱尝艰辛。他以牺牲个人幸福为代价 ,保护了祖国优秀文化遗产。全国解放初期 ,中央即决定在北京举办“敦煌艺术展览” ,周总理亲临参观指导并对他进行了亲切表彰勉励 ,中央人民政府政务院文教委员会为敦煌文物研究所颁发了时任政务院副总理的郭沫若先生亲笔书写的奖状。     

赏石文献六种题解

本文从中国古代奇石鉴赏的著述中,选取名篇要籍六种,考订其作者、内容、价值及版本诸项,为探讨赏石美学和赏石文化的学人提供求书问道之便。     

专题研究的新尝试--评"中华民俗丛书"四种

由钟敬文担任顾问、周星、邱立担纲主编的《中华民俗丛书》首批四种,已于近日由中央民族大学出版社出版发行,它们是《闹洞房》(尚会鹏著)、《抢婚》(叶涛、吴存浩著)、《姓名》(纳日碧力戈著)、《谐音民俗》(张廷兴著).     

The nonprofit arts organization concept and its transformation in Korea

ABSTRACT

After the Korean War, both the autocratic and later democratic South Korean governments actively fostered the development of Korea’s arts sector, in part by emulating the organizational and legal structures of U.S. nonprofits. Yet, in this policy transfer, Korea has taken a different path, notably rearticulating the U.S.-style hands-off facilitation model to reflect and accommodate Korean political, institutional, and cultural exigencies. We analyze the effects of the resulting cultural policy on Korean public arts institutions, using documentary evidence and narratives from our case studies of two national arts organizations restructured by the government: The National Theater Company of Korea and the Seoul Arts Center. We employ the concept of cultural statism, conditioned by "culture as glorification," resource dependence, and path dependence, to understand the development of Korea’s public arts sector. Specifically, we consider: the government’s desire to use the arts to enhance its image on an international stage shaped by western liberal democratic values; arts leaders’ desire for reliable support (resource dependence); and the tendancy of Koreans to want to be associated with the stability and prestige of the government (path dependence).     

Spatial Patterns of March and September Streamflow Trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958–2008

Summer streamflow is a vital water resource for municipal and domestic water supplies, irrigation, salmonid habitat, recreation, and water‐related ecosystem services in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the United States. This study detects significant negative trends in September absolute streamflow in a majority of 68 stream‐gauging stations located on unregulated streams in the PNW from 1958 to 2008. The proportion of March streamflow to annual streamflow increases in most stations over 1,000 m elevation, with a baseflow index of less than 50, while absolute March streamflow does not increase in most stations. The declining trends of September absolute streamflow are strongly associated with seven‐day low flow, January–March maximum temperature trends, and the size of the basin (19–7,260 km²), while the increasing trends of the fraction of March streamflow are associated with elevation, April 1 snow water equivalent, March precipitation, center timing of streamflow, and October–December minimum temperature trends. Compared with ordinary least squares (OLS) estimated regression models, spatial error regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models effectively remove spatial autocorrelation in residuals. The GWR model results show spatial gradients of local R ² values with consistently higher local R ² values in the northern Cascades. This finding illustrates that different hydrologic landscape factors, such as geology and seasonal distribution of precipitation, also influence streamflow trends in the PNW. In addition, our spatial analysis model results show that considering various geographic factors help clarify the dynamics of streamflow trends over a large geographical area, supporting a spatial analysis approach over aspatial OLS‐estimated regression models for predicting streamflow trends. Results indicate that transitional rain–snow surface water‐dominated basins are likely to have reduced summer streamflow under warming scenarios. Consequently, a better understanding of the relationships among summer streamflow, precipitation, snowmelt, elevation, and geology can help water managers predict the response of regional summer streamflow to global warming. Patrones espaciales de las tendencias de los caudales de marzo y septiembre en el Pacífico Noroccidental. Los caudales (streamflows) de verano son recursos hídricos vitales para el abastecimiento de agua municipal y domestico así como para el riego agrícola, el hábitat de los salmónidos, la recreación, y para varios servicios de los ecosistemas en el Pacífico Noroccidental (Pacific Nortwest‐PNW) de los Estados Unidos. Este estudio identifica tendencias negativas considerables en los caudales absolutos de septiembre en la mayoría de las 68 estaciones de medición situadas en ríos y arroyos no regulares del PNW entre 1958 y 2008. La proporción del caudal de marzo con respecto al caudal anual aumenta en la mayoría de las estaciones situadas a más de 1000 metros de altitud, que tienen un índice de caudal base (base flow index‐BFI) de menos de 50, pero se mantiene estable en el resto (la mayoría) de las estaciones. Las tendencias decrecientes de los caudales absolutos de septiembre están fuertemente asociadas con el caudal mínimo para siete días (seven‐day low), con las tendencias de temperatura máxima entre enero y marzo, y con el tamaño de la cuenca (19‐7,260 km2). Las tendencias crecientes de la proporción del caudal total correspondiente a marzo están asociadas con la elevación, con un equivalente a agua de la nieve de abril (one April snow wáter equivalent ‐SWE), con la precipitación de marzo, el center timing (TC) de los caudales, y con las tendencias de temperatura mínima entre octubre y diciembre. En comparación con los estimados de modelos de regresión de tipo mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (ordinary least squares‐OLS), los modelos de regresión de error espacial (spatial error regression‐SER) y de regresión ponderada geográficamente (geographically weighted regression‐GWR) eliminan eficazmente la autocorrelación espacial en los residuos. Los resultados del modelo GWR producen mapas con gradientes espaciales donde los valores de los R² locales son consistentemente más altos en las cascadas del norte. Este resultado pone de manifiesto que diferentes factores hidrológicos del paisaje, tales como la geología y la distribución estacional de la precipitación, también influyen en las tendencias de los caudales en el PNW. Adicionalmente, los resultados del modelo de análisis espacial muestran que la inclusión de diversos factores geográficos ayuda a aclarar la dinámica de las tendencias de los caudales en un área geográfica grande, corroborando la mayor utilidad de modelos con enfoque de espacial sobre modelos. Los resultados indican también que en cuencas transicionales (entre lluvia y nieve) donde predominan las aguas superficiales existe una probabilidad más alta de reducccion de caudal de verano en el contexto de escenarios de calentamiento. En consecuencia, una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre caudal de verano, la precipitación, el derretimiento de nieve, la elevación y la geología puede ayudar a los gestores del agua a predecir la respuesta de los caudales de verano en un escenario de calentamiento global. 夏季径流是美国太平洋西北部地区(PNW)市政与居民水供应、灌溉、鱼类栖息、娱乐及水相关生态系统服务的重要来源。本研究通过1958–2008年PNW地区68个地理位置上未调节的径流测量站分析揭示出九月绝对径流量与该地区水来源呈显著的负相关趋势。三月径流占年际径流量的比例在大多数海拔超过1000米的地区是增加的,然而大多数地区基本径流指数（BFI）少于50,表明三月绝对径流量在多数地区并没有增加。九月绝对径流量的下滑趋势与年均为期7天的低流量,1月–3月最大温度趋势及流域面积（19–7,260 km²）呈强相关性,而三月绝对径流量微量增加的趋势则与海拔高度,四月一日的雪水当量（SWE）,三月降水,径流中心时序（CT）和十月至十二月最小温度趋势相关。与OLS(普通最小二乘法估计)回归模型相比,空间滞后回归（SER）和地理加权回归模型（GWR）能有效剔除空间自相关的残差而更有效。GWR结果显示局部R²值在空间上渐变梯度,并且在北美洲喀斯喀特山脉（Cascade）：北部地区高于其他地区。该发现表明不同水文景观因子,如地质、降水的季节分布,也会对PNW的径流趋势产生影响。另外,我们的空间分析模型结果显示,考虑多种地理因素可解析大面积的地理区域中径流量空间分布趋势的动力机制, 为预测径流趋势提供一种优于OLS空间估计回归模型的空间分析方法。结果表明气候变暖背景下,季节性降水、地表水主导的流域极可能减少夏季径流量。因此,更好地理解夏季径流量与降水、融雪水、海拔和地质的关系,可帮助水资源管理者预测区域夏季径流对全球变暖的响应。     

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis cases found in Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection of Korea

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a disorder showing hyperostosis of the spinal column and ossification of extraspinal ligaments or tendons. The prevalence of DISH has been found to be higher in historic peoples of the upper‐ and ruling classes, and in fact was closely correlative with nutritional and high‐caloric diets. DISH is also known to be a function of genetic factors; as such, there have been very few cases of DISH found among the specimens of Asian skeletal collections. In our osteoarchaeological study on the Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection (JDHSC), we found four DISH instances among the 96 cases (4.17%) we examined. This prevalence is not so different from those discovered in already‐published studies on collections in Europe and other regions. However, as already stated, it must be considered that most of the JDHSC individuals we examined were remains of people from the highest social classes of 16th–18th century Joseon society. Therefore, when collections from medieval European monastic sites, the appropriate control from well‐fed populations, were used for comparison, the prevalence of DISH was found to be far lower among the JDHSC. Reports on DISH from examinations of collections in Asian countries have been spotty, leaving gaps in the social‐strata spectrum. Further researches into the prevalence of DISH among the different social strata of ancient or medieval Asian peoples are still required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.