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981.
In sub-Saharan Africa, every cultivator of the soil in a precolonial, agriculturist society needed a digging implement, and this normally took the form of a hoe with an iron blade hafted on a wooden handle. This paper marks the first attempt to document the surprising variety of hoe blade styles and map their regional distributions within South Africa. While the primary function of the hoe—this key item of material culture in African farming communities—was to cultivate the soil, the large quantity of metal and therefore labour required to make a hoe blade accorded it great value in the years before European industrial copies flooded the market. The hoe was an important item in trade networks, in marriage transactions and in a number of symbolic contexts associated with individual and collective ancestry. This biographical approach to hoe exchange, use and recycling reveals the complex significance of this tool in the lives of precolonial farmers. In particular, we are able to show that hoes could in some circumstances be accorded the same values as cattle in marriage exchange. 相似文献
982.
Shaoxin Dong 《Frontiers of History in China》2010,5(3):491-496
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Zhiping Chen 《Frontiers of History in China》2010,5(3):425-452
Along with the promotion of Taiwan’s economic status in the mid-Qing Dynasty and the expansion of trade with the mainland,
the merchants of Jinjiang County of Quanzhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty developed a business model focused on the growing
cross-strait trade and coastal shipping in Southeast China. The success of these coastal traders in business was closely related
to their full use of family and lineage. However, the links of family and lineage, at the same time, were problematical for
these businessmen when exploiting economic opportunities. These complex family and lineage ties could either promote or obstruct
the development of commercial capital depending on specific situations. Thus, the traditional argument that the family and
lineage system hindered socio-economic development should be re-examined. 相似文献
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Guilin Zhang Shuzhi Wang David K. Ferguson Yimin Yang Xinyi Liu Hongen Jiang 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2017,9(2):145-152
The Gumugou Cemetery is located in the Lop Nor region of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, northwest China. Radiocarbon dating found the site to be 3800 years BP. Due to the exceptionally arid conditions, most of the plant remains are well-preserved. Morphological and anatomical studies suggest that the plant remains consist of: Triticum cf. aestivum, Phragmites australis, Populus euphratica, Ephedra sp., as well as Typha sp. These ancient plants imply that the indigenous people lived in oases surrounded by extensive desert. Caryopses of T. cf. aestivum might have been used as funeral objects of the mummies as well as a subsidiary food source of the inhabitants, while the wild plants were used in other aspects of daily life. 相似文献
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Kirsty Norman 《Archaeologies》2010,6(3):502-513
Fieldwork carried out for a Masters dissertation examined, through interviews, how well a consultation on the future management
of the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site had been carried out. Unexpected access was granted during a tense and uncertain
period for those involved in managing the Site, at least partly because as a student, the author was not affiliated with any
of the organisations concerned. This paper will examine the roles and relationships that the student may find him/herself
in, in such a situation, and the possible benefits and dangers these bring. It will also look at the student’s privilege of
a sustained period to focus on a single topic, often denied to academics. In the case of an MA, this produces relatively quick
results and the possibility of contributing to urgent current issues, if students can be persuaded to publish. 相似文献
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