Geological importance of luminescence dates in Oman and the Emirates: An overview

In the Wahiba Sands of eastern Oman, luminescence dating of sands enables us to relate wind activity to climatic variations and the monsoon cycle. These changes resulted from Polar glacial/interglacial cyclicity and changes in global sea levels and wind strengths. Luminescence dates show that development of the Sands began over 230 ka ago when the sand-driving winds were the locally arid, northward-blowing SW Monsoon.     

Combining Indigenous and Maritime Archaeological Approaches: Experiences and Insights from the ‘(Re)locating Narrunga Project’, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia

This paper details the unique pairing of Indigenous and maritime archaeological approaches in the ‘(Re)locating Narrunga Project’. Narrunga was a ketch built by the Narungga Aboriginal community at Point Pearce Mission (Yorke Peninsula, South Australia) at the turn of the twentieth century and later sunk in the 1940s. It is argued that convergences between the scholarly interests of Indigenous and maritime archaeological approaches have been slow to develop and that maritime archaeology as a sub-discipline has not capitalized on the insights that can be gained from collaborative approaches between communities and practitioners. Similarly, Indigenous communities in Australia have had few opportunities to work with researchers to record their maritime heritage. As is evident in the Narrunga story told in this research, non-Indigenous records have been complicit in underplaying the maritime achievements and skills of Narungga people and collaborative research can work towards decolonizing this past.     

Genocide,masculinity and posttraumatic growth in Rwanda: reconstructing male identity through ndi umunyarwanda

While the experiences of Rwandan women during and after the 1994 genocide have been studied quite extensively, little attention has been paid to the lives of men. Through an analysis of their testimonies, this article explores how Tutsi men experienced the 1994 genocide and how it has affected their identities. The analysis identifies three time periods where different versions of masculinity are expressed: the early stages of the genocide, where a predominantly warrior/military identity persisted; later stages of the genocide, during which men became aware of their vulnerability and the extent of the genocide; and the post-genocide period, in which masculinity has been rebuilt through the ideology of ndi umunyarwanda, the notion of Rwandanness or Rwandicity. Post-genocide male identity draws heavily on precolonial military values such as patriotism, dignity, unity and the importance of a strong army; however, the idealism of warriorhood has been lost. The emphasis of masculinity post-1994 appears to be on a shared culture and language and collectively working for one's country, not fighting for it. Indeed, there appears to be a complete aversion to violence of any kind, which, it is argued, is a form of posttraumatic growth. Another positive aspect of the change in male identity is the rejection of former colonial influences and their ideas in exchange for more authentic cultural expression and self-acceptance. The form of ndi umunyarwanda adopted by the men in this study is distinct from the government's version of this ideology, however, as these men reject the idea of forced apologies and reconciliation. In light of these findings, the article discusses the practical implications for those engaged in social work with survivors, and also calls for a more nuanced discussion of post-genocide Rwanda and the concept of Rwandicity.     

RESEARCH IN PROGRESS IN SCANDINAVIA

The authors quantitatively analyze the effect of railroad construction on agricultural land values in the often overlooked, agriculturally oriented, trans-Mississippi West. This region is unique in American history in that, at the end of the nineteenth century, the railroad itself preceded widespread settlement. Using a hedonic model, they show that railroad transport increased agricultural land values in this region by more than 20 percent, which had a larger impact than recent studies have found for other regions. Moreover, the authors found that the addition of a railroad to a county significantly increased its growth in land values. This finding is contrary to that of existing studies. Finally, the authors show statistically that the railroad and land values were not endogenously determined, lending credibility to the causality of the results presented in their hedonic and growth models. These results indicate a valuable alternative approach to use in the historical analysis of transportation infrastructure and its impact on land prices.     

Past or present? Differentiating California prehistoric native American remains from forensic cases: An empirical approach

The goal of this project is to provide additional data and statistical analyses for differentiating between prehistoric/historic Native American remains and modern forensic cases that may be potentially confusing. Forensic anthropologists often receive requests from local law enforcement to infer whether skeletal remains are of forensic or non‐forensic significance. Skeletal remains of non‐forensic significance are commonly of Native American ancestry, but the empirical methods common for determining Native American affinity from skeletal remains have not been established for California prehistoric/historic Native Americans. Therefore, forensic anthropologists working in California lack empirical methods for not only identifying prehistoric California Native American remains, but also differentiating them from modern/forensic populations whose skeletal attributes are similar. In particular, skeletal remains of Latin American US immigrants of indigenous origins are becoming more present in the forensic anthropological laboratory, and can exhibit the same suite of skeletal traits classically used to identify Native American affinity. In this article, we initiate an investigation into this issue by analyzing both craniometric and morphoscopic data using a range of statistical methods for differentiating prehistoric Northern California Native Americans from modern Guatemalan Maya. Our discriminant analyses results indicate that by using nine craniometric variables, group classification is 87% correct. In addition, seven morphoscopic variables can predict group classification correctly for 77% of the sample. The results suggest that it is possible to differentiate between our two samples. Such a method contributes to the efficient and empirical determination of temporal and geographic affinity, allowing for the repartriation of Native American remains to their tribes, as well as the accurate analysis of forensically significant remains. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gegen die Resignation Kenianische Jugendclubs gehen in die Offensive

Abstrakt Obdachlosigkeit, Kriminalit?t, Hunger, Krankheiten, verunreinigtes Wasser und Seuchen sind nur einige Alltagsprobleme fast einer Milliarde Slumbewohner weltweit. Unter ihnen sind zahlreiche Kinder und Jugendliche, die in den Slumgebieten scheinbar ohne Zukunftsperspektiven aufwachsen. Viele haben ihre Familie durch AIDS verloren oder sind selbst infiziert. Ohne Arbeit oder Ausbildungsplatz verbringen sie ihren Alltag auf den Stra?en der Slums. Die extremen Lebensbedingungen erh?hen das gesellschaftliche Konfliktpotenzial erheblich; nicht selten ist der Einstieg der Kinder und Jugendlichen in die Kriminalit?t die Folge. Auch in Kenia ist die Lage auf den ersten Blick trostlos: Der Staat zieht sich aus seiner Verantwortung mehr und mehr zurück, Betroffene sind sich selbst überlassen. Zu ergründen, wie die Jugendlichen selbst L?sungen für ihre Probleme suchen und welche Perspektiven sich ihnen bieten, war Ziel einer Studie von 15 Studierenden der Universit?t Trier im Jahr 2004 unter der Leitung von Dr. Johannes Michael Nebe. Im Rahmen einer mehrw?chigen Feldarbeit in verschiedenen Slumgebieten Nairobis – n?mlich in Kibera, Dandora, Korogocho, Kariobangi und Mathare – konnten die Studierenden ihr literaturbezogenes Hintergrundwissen über die Probleme in Slumgebieten praktisch vertiefen. Unterstützt von der Deutschen Stiftung für Weltbev?lkerung trafen sie vor Ort auf selbst organisierte Jugendclubs und „Community Based Organisation“ (CBOs). Letztere werden von der lokalen Bev?lkerung einer Gemeinde selbst gegründet, organisieren und verwalten sich selbst. Sie zielen dabei auf die Befriedigung von speziellen Bedürfnissen der Bev?lkerung ab. Ihre Arbeit ist nicht an Profit, sondern an der Entwicklung der Gemeinde orientiert (UN-Habitat 2004; WELTBANK 2004). Die ersten CBOs wurden Anfang der 90er Jahre gegründet.