Evidence concerning the roman military diet at Bearsden,Scotland, in the 2nd Century AD

Analyses of sterols and biological studies have shown that a Roman defensive ditch was also a cesspit. The plant debris includes wheat fragments dispersed from defecated bread or other farinaceous food. These techniques may reveal ancient diets in a detail previously impossible to achieve.     

Accountability,motivation and practice: NGOs North and South

This Article does not have an abstract.     

Application of lipid biomarker analysis to evaluate the function of ‘slab-lined pits’ in Arctic Norway

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and bulk carbon isotope determinations have been performed on samples (‘cemented organic residues’, charcoal, sediment and fire-cracked rock) excavated from 12 slab-lined pits from various locations in Arctic Norway to test the premise that these archaeological features were used for the extraction of oil from the blubber of marine mammals, such as seal, whale and walrus. A wide range of lipid compound classes were detected especially in the cemented organic residues and in the charcoal samples. The presence of long-chain unsaturated and isoprenoid fatty acids together with oxidation and thermal alteration products of unsaturated acids such as dicarboxylic acids, dihydroxyfatty acids and ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids suggests that these features were used for marine oil extraction at elevated temperatures. Notably the location of the hydroxyl groups in the dihydroxyfatty acids provides a record of the positional isomer of the precursor fatty acid and allows confirmation that 11-docosenoic (cetoleic) acid, the most abundant C_22:1 isomer in marine oil, was a major component of the original lipid. Further information was provided by the presence of long-chain fatty acyl moieties in surviving triacylglycerols and the presence of cholesterol. A fungal metabolite, mycose (trehalose), was found in all samples apart from a fire-cracked rock and points to microbiological activity in the pits. Bulk isotope analysis conducted on the ‘cemented organic residues’ is consistent with modern reference samples of blubber and oil from seal and whale. These data provide clear analytical evidence of the function of slab-lined pits in the archaeological record and suggest widespread exploitation of marine mammals for producing oil for heating, lighting and myriad other uses in the past.     

Debunking the Myth of Localized Agglomerations: The Development of a Regionalized Service Economy in South-East England

The central argument of this paper is that localized clusters of economic activity, or 'agglomerations', have been overemphasized in economic geography since the mid-1980s. In particular, such analyses are too manufacturing-biased, and place too much weight on the importance of local supply, market and partnership linkages. We will re-emphasize the service-based nature of growth in the core region of the UK economy, and will explore how a broad band of producer service activity is emerging in the Western Arc, owing largely to common locational logics, including back-office decentralization and the new firm-formation process. Such growth is both stimulated and supported by the high demand levels of the regional economy, but evidence suggests that the linkages of such firms extend well beyond the 'local', to cover at least the 'Greater South-East'. Furthermore, the international element in service growth needs to be recognized, as highlighted by the concentration of US foreign direct investment in the software industry along the M4 corridor. When areas outside the South-East are considered (such as Edinburgh, Tyne and Wear, Cheshire), the evidence appears to support Allen's (1992) notion of a 'regionalized mode of service growth' in the South-East.     

Persistence in regional learning paradigms and trajectories: consequences for innovation policy design

Inspired by the first evaluation processes on how nations and regions have interpreted and specified the smart specialization strategy, this paper applies the lens of evolutionary economic theory to interpret the causes of the lock-in mechanisms in learning processes that seem to prevail in most regions. The paper elaborates the notion of regional learning paradigms and trajectories to interpret evolution in the way innovation occurs in regions. By identifying the sources of path-dependence in regional learning paradigms and trajectories, the paper explains the difficulties faced by regions in ‘jumping’ on a new paradigm/trajectory and initiating an explorative entrepreneurial discovery process. Once the reasons for lock-in are highlighted, the paper advances some suggestions on possible adjustments to the design of a smart specialization strategy.     

Retelling the Past: Distance,Voice, and Time in the Narrative Shaping of History in Finland-Swedish Legends of the Finnish War

This article examines how narrators of four historical legends construct their relation to the past through the use of particular narrative strategies. They do this by manipulating patterns of speech representation, allowing themselves to merge with history; and by focusing on memories embedded in the landscape and material traces of the past in the present.     

Eco-cultural niches of the Badegoulian: Unraveling links between cultural adaptation and ecology during the Last Glacial Maximum in France

This study details an application of eco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM) using two modeling architectures—a genetic algorithm (GARP) and maximum entropy (Maxent)—aimed at examining the ecological context of sites with archaeological remains attributed to the culture termed the Badegoulian (ca. 22–20 k cal BP), which dates to the middle part of the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 23–19 k cal BP). We reconstructed the ecological niche of the Badegoulian and assessed whether eco-cultural niche variability existed within this technocomplex. We identified two broad but distinct spatial entities in the distribution of Badegoulian sites based on lithic raw material sources and circulation, and found that these spatial units share a similar ecological niche. We discuss the implications of territorial differentiation within this niche in light of research on land use by culturally affiliated groups within a broad cultural entity. We propose that Badegoulian circulation networks reflect distinct social territories associated with particular conditions within a single ecological niche. This study illustrates the utility of combining ecological niche reconstructions with archaeological data to identify and evaluate diachronic trends in cultural continuity for situations where such patterns may be missed when the focus of study is restricted solely to lithic technology and typology.     

Folk-Lore from South-East Suffolk

THE ANATOMY OF PUCK. An examination of fairy beliefs among Shakespeare's contemporaries and successors. By KATHERINE M. BRIGGS. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1959. Pp. 284,12 plates. Cloth 30s. Reviewed by H. J. Rose.

MANUEL DE FOLKLORE FRANCAIS CONTEMPORAIN. Vol. 1, Pts. V, VI, VII, By ARNOLD VAN GENNEP. A. et J. Picard et Cie, Paris, 1951, 1953. 1958. Pp. xxviii, xxiv, xi; 2137–3166; 19, 9, 20 maps and portraits. Paper. Reviewed by H. J. Rose.

LO KUAN-CHUNG'S ROMANCE OF THE THREE KINGDOMS. Translated by C. H. BREWITT-TAYLOR. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1959, 2 vol. (by photo-offset). Reviewed by W. H. Hudspeth.

DEVON TRADITIONS AND FAIRY-TALES. By J. R. W. COXHEAD. The Raleigh Press, Exmouth, 1959. Pp. 122. Cloth, 10s. 6d., Paper, 6s. 6d. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

FIFTY YEARS A POTTER. By W. FISHLEY HOLLAND. IX, 105. The Caravel Press, 1958. 18s. Reviewed by R. U. Sayce.

VON PRINZEN, TROLLEN UND HERRN FRO, Märchen der europäischen Völker. Yearbook of the Society zur Pflege des Märchengutes der europäischen Völker. 4 vols. Rheine, 1956–9. Pp. 176, 176, 247, 256. Reviewed by E. Ettlinger.

OESTERREICHISCHER VOLKSKUNDEATLAS. Ed. by E. BURGSTALLER and A. HELBOK. ist issue (Linz, 1959). 13 maps; comments 95 pp. — Index of places pp. 125. Reviewed by E. Ettlinger.

SEEKING LIFE. By VERA LASKI. American Folklore Society, Philadelphia, 1958. Pp. 176 (mimeographed). Reviewed by Beatrice Blackwood.

THE LORE AND LANGUAGE OF SCHOOLCHILDREN. By IONA AND PETER OPIE. Oxford University Press, 1959. Pp. 417. 35s. Reviewed by Violet Alford.

THE LULLABY BOOK. By LESLIE DAIKEN. Edmund Ward Ltd, 1959. Plates and other illustrations. Reviewed by Violet Alford.

STUDIES IN FOLKLORE. Edited by W. EDSON RICHMOND. Indiana University Publications, Folklore Series, no. 9. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1957. Pp. xv, 270. Reviewed by W. B.

WELSH FOLK CUSTOMS. By TREFOR M. OWEN. Cardiff, 1959. Pp. 258. 10s. 6d. Reviewed by Raglan.