日本外交文书选译--关于"蒙藏协约"

1985年12月,西藏人民出版社出版的《西藏简史》认为“藏蒙协定”(或称“蒙藏协约”)的签署是“虚传”(见该书第365页)。然而档案史料证明事实并非如此。如日本外务省于昭和三十九年三月出版的《日本外交文书》大正二年第一册中就收录了有关签订“蒙藏协约”的数通文件,反映了西藏和外蒙古代表缔结“蒙藏协约”的简要情况和协约的内容。现将这些文件译出,以供读者参考。这里需要说明的是,“蒙藏协约”是十三世达赖喇嘛及其政治智囊德尔智等人一手策划的。在辛亥革命爆发,国内局势动荡的情势下,喀尔喀少数世俗封建主宣布外蒙古“独立”更加坚定了十三世达赖喇嘛搞“西藏独立”和“藏蒙联盟”的分裂主义图谋。当时外蒙古虽已宣布“独立”,但遭到中国政府的坚决反对,在国际上也未得到任何一个国家的承认,甚至连策动外蒙古自中国分离出去的沙皇俄国也坚决反对外蒙古“独立”。因此,十三世达赖喇嘛派遣缔结协约全权委员德尔智前往库伦与外蒙古当局磋商缔结“蒙藏协约”,彼此承认“独立国地位”等等,恰是外蒙古当局朝思暮想的,双方代表很快于1913年1月11日缔结了“蒙藏协约”。西藏政府是中国的地方政府,外蒙古当时虽然已宣布“独立”,但未得到中国与世界各国的承认,仍为中国领土不可分割的一部分,因此,西藏与外蒙古当局均不具有签订国际条约的资格,所缔结的“蒙藏协约”完全是非法的,无效的。十三世达赖喇嘛发起的缔结“蒙藏协约”的活动不过是一场闹剧而已。     

土族端午节及其民俗内涵分析

在民间都有许多传统节日,这些节日或多或少地都带有一定的迷信色彩。但它们却是人民生活中约定俗成的一种生活节奏。人们通过富有缓冲机制的传统节日调节情绪。节日因自然规律或社会生活变迁而形成,人民的生活因节日而张弛有序。人们在求得精神需求满足的同时不自觉中维护了人与自然、人与社会、人与人之间的和谐与平衡。     

论莫理循在推动中国参加第一次世界大战中的作用

第一次世界大战爆发后,莫理循自始至终为中国参战不遗余力地奔走呐喊.莫氏通过为中国政府出谋划策、向西方列强传递有关中国参战的各种信息、游说日本政界高层人物等多种途径,对中国参战起到了重要的作用.历史证明参战对中国利大于弊,莫氏的这一行为应该得到肯定.     

Changes in regional settlement patterns and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong,China

Around the globe, archaeological settlement pattern survey has brought a new spatial, diachronic, and theoretical vantage to the study of early civilizations. This paper provides a new perspective on the rise and reorganization of complex societies in northern China through the synthesis of 11 years of systematic regional survey in southeastern Shandong Province. Based on our surface findings, we suspect that the agricultural colonization of this coastal region occurred primarily during the later half of the Neolithic and was rapidly followed by the development of a four-tiered settlement hierarchy with two primary centers during the Early Longshan period. We also document the reorganization of this regional system during the Bronze Age, and the eventual political integration of this study area under polities centered to the west (and outside the region surveyed). We argue that southeastern Shandong was not merely a backwater or periphery throughout its history, particularly in regard to the Early–Middle Longshan periods when there were centers of great size. Through our long-term and broad-scale perspective, we provide new evidence of how complex societies arose and changed over millennia in northern China.     

中日近代考古学产生期的比较

中国和日本近代考古学的产生期在许多地方有其相似之处,也有许多不同。探讨这些异同点是当代兴起的比较考古学重要研究内容之一。     

陕西宝鸡代家湾出土东汉陶器

近日,宝鸡市代家湾团结砖厂出土了一批东汉时期文物,较完好的有陶器36件,铜器4件。陶器中有陶仓5件,陶罐20件,陶豆3件,陶灶1件,方壶1件,圆壶4件。陶甗1件,陶簋1件。铜器中有铜灶(带釜甑)1套,铜鼎3件,现将出土的文物介绍如下。     

DNA analysis of archaeological sheep remains from China

Recent research has thrown considerable light on the history of the domestic sheep, but has not extended to ancient sheep specimens. In the present study, ancient DNA analysis was carried out on eight archaeological sheep remains recovered from Erlitou archaeological site in Henan Province (ca. 2100–1800 B.C.) to explore the genetic structure of ancient sheep and the phylogenetic relationship between ancient and modern sheep. We analyzed the control region sequences and coding regions of mitochondrial DNA from the remains by direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, respectively. Our results reveal that all ancient sheep belong to lineage A defined by modern sheep sequences. Phylogenetic analysis shows that neither argali (Ovis ammon) nor urial (Ovis vignei) mtDNA is closely related to Erlitou ancient sheep. In addition, our results suggest that ancient DNA analysis can serve as a powerful tool in tracing prehistoric population movement.     

区域开发可持续发展的对策研究

持续发展是中国未来发展的现实选择。文章概述了持续发展的涵义实质及现实意义;阐明了持续发展的战略思想与战略目标;论述了实现持续发展的区域开发。认为持续发展是区域开发中各种因素的动态平衡与协调;区域开发建设要满足持续发展战略的要求;区域开发政策的制订也要把持续发展的思想贯穿其中。     

旅游开发对南昆山的经济影响研究

本文首先对国内外旅游开发的区域经济影响研究作了简单概述,然后采用问卷调查和访谈调查方法,选择南昆山作案例.研究旅游开发对山区经济的影响。研究表明,旅游业对南昆山的经济影响巨大,解决了南昆山镇12.46%的劳动力就业问题,达到600万元以上的产值,对产业结构调整,生态环境保护起到关键作用。