论李维的历史方法

李维的历史方法是罗马传统历史方法的继承与发展。首先,他采用了逐年纪事的年代记的叙述方式。其次,他继承了罗马史学在其肇始就具有的爱国主义偏见和为罗马辩护的特点,特别是在对史料的处理方面,他按照爱国主义和道德教导的写作目的对史料进行删选,甚至伪造。最后,李维把文学技巧应用到历史写作之中。     

安丙家族考论

1996年,五座安丙家族墓在四川省华蓥市发现,引起了中国考古界和宋史界的广泛关注.安丙家族是南宋巴蜀地区的名门望族之一,在安丙及其弟安涣、子安癸仲领导参与平定吴曦叛宋降金的"武兴之乱"后,安氏家族更是扬名天下.     

藏乡人的好女儿--记青海省乐都县中坝藏族乡乡长桑吉卓玛

地处乐都县下南山深处的中坝藏族乡有一位年轻的藏族女乡长桑吉卓玛。两年多来,这位曾在乐都下北山地区中岭乡任副乡长6年之久的藏家女儿,用她艰苦朴素的工作作风,务真求实的工作态度,团结向上的民族精神和开拓进取,知难而进的敬业精神,同乡党委、乡政府一班人带领全乡8000多口人,紧紧围绕经济建设这个中心,狠抓脱贫致富大业,使全乡呈现出经济发展,社会稳定,民族团结的可喜局面。全乡人均纯收入由2001年的1006元增加到2003年1320元,被全乡藏汉各族群众称之为“藏乡人的好女儿”。中坝藏族乡是一个山大沟深,交通不便,群众生产生活十分落后的…     

Who Said, “Confucius Composed the Chunqiu”? ——The Genealogy of the “Chunqiu” Canon in the Pre-Han and Han Periods

It is often said that “Confucius composed the Chunqiu 春秋 (The Spring and Autumn Annals) to convey the way of the king.” Scholars have long noticed that before the founding of and during the Han Dynasty the phrase that served as the title of the allegedly Confucian work, “Chunqiu,” was also often used to designate history in general. In what intellectual and textual contexts did the term evolve from something general into a specific concept associated with Confucius? What works or ideas did pre-Han and Han scholars have in mind when discussing Confucius’s Chunqiu and the broader “Chunqiu” canon?1 Exploring these questions, the study that follows begins by systematically documenting the occurrences of this term in pre-Han and Han texts. It demonstrates that while Mencius was the first person to associate Confucius’s teachings with the Chunqiu, his statement was a solitary and surprising voice in the pre-Han era. Not until the Western Han Dynasty was Confucius widely heralded as the creator of the Chunqiu. But few scholars are aware that Western Han scholars never strictly distinguished the laconic Chunqiu from the detailed historical knowledge preserved in the Gongyang 公羊, Guliang 谷梁, and Zuo 左 commentaries. Furthermore, as the Chunqiu gained canonical status, the phrase still served as a generic term, referring to various historical narratives. Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 is famous for claiming that “The Six Classics are all history,” and I shall show that in the minds of the people of the Han Dynasty, all historical works were classics.     

区际综合运输通道空间结构研究——以内蒙古东部地区与东北三省为例

随着《东北地区振兴规划》的实施,由内蒙古东部地区与东北三省构成的新东北经济区区际联系不断增多,双方对功能完善的综合运输系统需求日益增强。本文采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,通过分析区际运输通道空间结构现状及客、货流未来发展特点,遵循交通运输与区域经济发展良性互动原则,提出建设6条运输通道与15个二级运输枢纽为骨架,3条运输干线为辅助的网格状区际综合运输通道空间结构,并指出在改善铁路、公路运输方式的同时,要积极开展油气及煤化工产品的管道运输,发挥多种运输方式综合优势,促进区域协调发展。     

远古刻画符号与中国文字的起源

中国古代自裴李岗文化至汉魏时期器物上常见的单字、刻画符号和图形文字,分布广泛,一脉相承,大都独立刻铸在器物(或铭文)的特殊位置上,不与其他文字相连属.它们不但与八卦之象多用单字来表述的特征相符合,而且有的还与纪卦象类筮数易卦相并署.因此,它们可能大都是反映八卦之象的卦象文字.一般地讲,每件器物本身及其上面的单字、刻画符号或图形文字,大都应是同一易卦的卦象.它是中华先民"制器尚象"习俗的产物.     

Nonparametric Significance Test for Discovery of Network‐Constrained Spatial Co‐Location Patterns

Spatial co‐location patterns are useful for understanding positive spatial interactions among different geographical phenomena. Existing methods for detecting spatial co‐location patterns are mostly developed based on planar space assumption; however, geographical phenomena related to human activities are strongly constrained by road networks. Although these methods can be simply modified to consider the constraints of networks by using the network distance or network partitioning scheme, user‐specified parameters or priori assumptions for determining prevalent co‐location patterns are still subjective. As a result, some co‐location patterns may be wrongly reported or omitted. Therefore, a nonparametric significance test without priori assumptions about the distributions of the spatial features is proposed in this article. Both point‐dependent and location‐dependent network‐constrained summary statistics are first utilized to model the distribution characteristics of the spatial features. Then, by using these summary statistics, a network‐constrained pattern reconstruction method is developed to construct the null model of the test, and the prevalence degree of co‐location patterns is modeled as the significance level. The significance test is evaluated using the facility points‐of‐interest data sets. Experiments and comparisons show that the significance test can effectively detect network‐constrained spatial co‐location patterns with less priori knowledge and outperforms two state‐of‐the‐art methods in excluding spurious patterns.     

领导干部价值观的内涵阐释与科学创新

领导干部价值观是建立在世界观、人生观和行政价值观、政党价值观以及社会主义核心价值体系等理论基础上的。正确的领导干部价值观主要包括以人为本的理念、权为民所用的权力观、民主法治观和创新发展观。研究和分析领导干部价值观的基本内涵,树立正确的领导干部价值观,对于加强领导干部核心价值体系建设、加强和改善党的领导,具有重要意义。     

Dietary adaptation during the Longshan period in China: stable isotope analyses at Liangchengzhen (southeastern Shandong)

Rice and millet were staple crops at Liangchengzhen, a late Neolithic Longshan site in Shandong, China, but the degree of dietary variation is not known. This study uses stable isotope analysis of human and faunal skeletal remains to quantitatively address the importance of these crops as well as terrestrial domesticates and aquatic resources in the diet at Liangchengzhen. Although no collagen could be extracted from the poorly preserved human bones, the δ¹³C stable isotope results for 2 apatite sample and 16 tooth enamel samples averaged −9.8‰ suggesting that diet was based on foods averaging from −24‰ to −18‰, with millet and millet-fed animals comprising at most approximately 25–30% of the diet. Pig faunal δ¹³C isotope values suggested that during the earlier Longshan period pigs were fed mainly millet with more C₃ foods such as rice included by the later Longshan period. Solid ceramic residues from two guan jar sherds produced δ¹³C values averaging −18‰ and δ¹⁵N values averaging +16‰, suggesting both vessels contained fish. The results of the study indicate that by the Longshan period, people in southeastern Shandong no longer relied as heavily on millet and that the agricultural crop of rice had increased in importance at Liangchengzhen. Unfortunately, without human collagen samples to provide nitrogen isotope results, we cannot estimate the relative contribution of aquatic and terrestrial protein to the diet of people at Liangchengzhen. In general, however, the pattern of a diverse agricultural system on the basis of the macrobotanical remains from Liangchengzhen is supported by the isotopic results.     

美国旅游酒店管理专业博士生教育概述及其对中国硕士研究生的几点启示

本文介绍了美国领先学术机构所设置的旅游酒店管理专业博士学位教育的概况。着重介绍了博士研究生教育的两个关键组成部分：研究生教育课程体系设置及学生科研指导。本篇综述旨在为有意赴美攻读博士学位的中国硕士研究生提供几点重要的启示。