EXCEPTIONAL HISTORY? THE ORIGINS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES1

This essay examines how and why historiography—defined to mean the study of the history of historical writing—first emerged as a legitimate subject of historical inquiry in the United States during the period from 1890 to the 1930s by focusing on the practice of historiography by three of the most influential American historiographers whose work spans this period: J. Franklin Jameson, John Spencer Bassett, and Harry Elmer Barnes. Whereas the development of historiography as a field of study signified a recognition that historians and historical writing are themselves products of the historical process, American historiographers in this period at the same time used historiography to further a scientific ideal of objectivity that was premised on the belief in the ability of historians to separate themselves from that process. Modern scholars (notably, Peter Novick) have attributed to scientific historians like Jameson and Bassett a simplistic and naive positivism; but the ability of these historiographers to recognize the subjective character of historical writing and yet affirm a belief in objectivity reveals that their understanding of historical truth was more complex than modern scholars have acknowledged. In turn, by questioning the belief that the historical profession was originally founded on a naïve faith in the ideal of objective truth, I demonstrate that New Historians like Barnes were more similar to their predecessors, the scientific historians, than they (or later scholars) acknowledged. Thus, rather than portraying the shift from scientific history to the New History as a linear trajectory of development from objectivity to a more relativist viewpoint, I argue that New Historians like Barnes at once expressed a greater recognition than his scientific predecessors of how historical writing was the product of its context, while still insisting on his commitment to an ideal of objectivity that divorced the historian from that context.     

甘肃造十文开国纪念币研究

一、甘肃造币史简介1.天水造币史简介民国九年(1920)二月,甘肃督军兼民政长张广建任命孔繁锦为陇南镇守使。孔繁锦到任后,鉴于市场货币奇缺,以致贸易阻滞,又见各省铸造铜币获利甚丰,遂从津、沪购置造币机器在天水设造币厂铸造铜元。因铸当十铜元无利可获,于是仿造“四川铜币”制,将陇南范围内的制钱尽量搜刮起来,利用翻砂法铸造当百铜元(即天水沙板)。直到民国十三年(1924),因商民怨声四起,孔才废止沙版铜元,同时开铸“孔造五文”和“中华民国十文”两种机制铜元。这两种机制铜元在民间极少见到,显然并没有大量铸造流通过。市面上“孔造五文…     

《〈抱朴子外篇〉校笺下》校补

本文是在杨明照《(抱朴子外篇)校笺下》基础上遵循杨先生的校勘原则与方法,从中国文化诸方面,就残误、形误、脱误、衍误、异文、词序或语序颠倒、句型不一、典故与知识缺陷等,所作的校补,凡１２０余条。     

"社教"运动再析

20世纪 60年代的社会主义教育运动 ,是中共八届十中全会关于阶级斗争的理论在一定范围的实践 ,是党在探索建设社会主义道路过程中的一次波折。“前十条”、“后十条”及其修正案以及“二十三条”是指导运动开展的重要文件。由于在阶级斗争扩大化的“左”倾理论指导下 ,把不同性质的问题都当做阶级斗争或阶级斗争在党内的反映 ,使不少基层干部受到不应有的打击 ,也在一定程度上分散了全党搞经济建设的注意力 ,但总体上看 ,社教运动的错误还属于局部性质     

错金银双头神兽

中国古代黄金饰物的出现不晚于商代，北京刘家河商代墓葬中曾出土过一对金耳环和一对金臂钏。而大体同一时期，镶嵌工艺亦开始用于装饰青铜器皿了。     

Sourcing copper ores for production of bronzes excavated at Shuangyantang,a Western Zhou (1046–771 <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">bc</Emphasis>) site in Chongqing (Southwest China): evidence from lead isotope analysis

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and lead isotope analyses were applied to 12 Western Zhou (1046–771 bc) bronzes unearthed from the Shuangyantang site in Wushan County, Chongqing (southwest China), to investigate their chemical compositions and possible mineral source(s). The results showed that (1) the investigated bronzes were mostly bronzes with low, common lead and (2) their lead isotopic values almost all fall into a relatively narrow range, suggesting possibly the use of raw materials from a common copper mine. The comparison between lead isotopic values for Shuangyantang bronzes and those already published for copper mines and other bronzes produced and used about at the same times leads us to believe that the Shuangyantang bronzes probably used the same copper ores as used in bronzes from the Peng and Jin states in Shanxi Province. However, it would not be possible at this point to come up with a clear idea of where exactly these copper ores may come from. Candidate copper mines might be the Tonglvshan mines in Hubei Province, the Zhongtiaoshan mines in Shanxi Province, or the Dajing copper mines in Inner Mongolia.     

中国古代蛇纹石玉的白化机制研究述要

蛇纹石玉是中国传统玉文化的重要物质载体,与透闪石-阳起石玉相似,许多出土蛇纹石玉呈现部分白化和全器白化现象,其时代贯穿史前至近代,地域跨越中国全境,因而其成因颇受关注。本工作借助考古学、矿物学和材料学等相关研究成果,从人为火烧成因和自然受沁成因两方面对白化的性状特征和形成机制进行细致梳理和探讨,以期探明蛇纹石玉火烧变白过程的热力学机制,探讨自然受沁成因的内在白化机制。藉此有助于判断和揭示白化玉器背后的人类行为和自然行为,有益于白化蛇纹石玉器的科学保护。     

城市住宅小区可持续发展研究

分析了我国住宅小区目前存在的问题,探讨了住宅小区可持续发展的目标体系,并提出实施可持续发展的措施。     

美国古代绿松石示踪研究

宝玉石示踪技术是现代玉器考古研究领域的前沿性问题,绿松石作为一种极具文化和历史价值的宝玉石品种受到了全球考古领域的重视,尤其在美国,绿松石示踪研究持续了很长时间。通过研究关于探究绿松石产地的相关文献,总结提出绿松石示踪技术发展可分为3个阶段,分别为以考古证据为基础的推测阶段;以微量元素示踪为代表的化学、光谱分析技术阶段以及以绿松石包含元素同位素示踪为代表的第3阶段。同位素示踪绿松石产源是近几年示踪技术研究领域的热点,研究者已经在铅、锶、氢、氧、铜5个元素同位素方面开展了研究,并获得了一定的成果。绿松石示踪研究呈现技术多元化、综合化的趋势,将3个阶段的技术通盘应用为一大特色。总结美国绿松石示踪技术的发展现状会给我国今后绿松石示踪研究提供借鉴,进而为其他古今宝玉石原料或制品的产地判定带来新的、精准的技术参考。     

论旅游产业核心竞争力

竞争力是反映一个产业的素质和发展潜能的重要标志。旅游产业是旅游业的重要经济特征,旅游产业的竞争力表现在产业内部的旅游产品、旅游企业、旅游服务等以及产业外部的旅游功能。本文运用波特的竞争力理论并结合旅游产业的自身特点,提出以旅游资源为内核所形成的旅游吸引物是旅游产业竞争力的核心,它和旅游设施、旅游服务等共同构成旅游产业,旅游设施和旅游服务是围绕旅游吸引物这一核心而展开的。