Governance in Multi-Project Networks: Lessons from a Failed Destination Branding Effort

Abstract

This article describes and analyses the process in which the establishment of a Christmas market led to an attempt to establish a regional destination brand named “Delightful Christmas”. Our focus is on the network dynamics of the process, in particular its multi-project network characteristics. Empirical findings are based on qualitative data from personal interviews, participant observation and documentation in an action research approach. The process is analysed as a so-called project network (Hellgren & Stjernberg, 1995 Hellgren, B. & Stjernberg, T. (1995) Design and implementation in major investments—a project network approach, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 11(4), pp. 377–394. doi: 10.1016/0956-5221(95)00020-V[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) involving different actors having different aims in event and destination brand development, thus creating a process with actors of existing, but resource-lacking, dependencies. Despite the disagreements between actors, the common beliefs and hopes for the integrated destination theme remained and innovative work continued for about three years in an environment where conditions were difficult due to insufficient financial resources, project coordination and long-term strategic planning. Conclusions concern the dynamics of a complex multi-project network organization and how its failure can be explained.     

Review and assessment of the potential of post-IR IRSL dating methods to circumvent the problem of anomalous fading in feldspar luminescence

Quartz has been the main mineral used for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments over the last decade. The quartz OSL signal, however, has been shown to saturate at relatively low doses of ～200–400 Gy, making it difficult to be used for dating beyond about 200 thou-sand years (ka), unless the environmental dose rate is low. The infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) from feldspars has been shown to continue to grow to higher dose levels than quartz OSL. The application of IRSL dating of feldspars, however, has long been hampered by the anomalous fading effect. Recent progress in understanding anomalous fading of the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals in potassium-feldspar has led to the development of post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) protocols and also a multiple elevated temperature (MET) stimulation (MET-pIRIR) protocol. These procedures have raised the prospect of isolating a non-fading IRSL component for dating Quaternary deposits containing feldspars. In this study, we review the recent progress made on (1) overcoming anomalous fading of feldspar, and (2) the development of pIRIR dating techniques for feldspar. The potential and problems associated with these methods are discussed.     

唐代人物画理论中的历史意识

唐代人物画理论中有一个重要的思想倾向,这就是贯穿于其中的强烈的历史意识。这种历史意识主要是通过对绘画起源的考察,从而将绘画发展视为一个连续而完整的过程。     

弘毅笃行 追求卓越——刘庆柱先生访谈录

刘庆柱,中国社会科学院学部委员、著名考古学家。1943年生于天津,1967年毕业于北京大学历史系考古专业。1998—2006年,任中国社会科学院考古研究所所长。现为中国考古学会秘书长、中国社会科学院考古研究所学术委员会主任,兼任《考古学报》、《中国考古学》（英文版）和《中国考古学年鉴》主编。1998年被聘为德意志考古研究院通讯院士。     

陕西志丹县马头山道教真身泥塑年代的测定分析

14C测年技术作为一种测年技术已广泛地应用在考古学、地质年代学、古气候学、古地理学等许多方面。为了解陕西志丹县马头山道教真身泥塑的年代,采用加速器质谱14C技术对道教真身泥塑的谷秸进行了测试,测试结果表明该真身泥塑制作年代在17世纪中叶至18世纪末的可能性较大。     

西汉合浦郡之朱卢县考

汉元帝初元三年罢珠崖郡后,海南岛之归属和建置情况如何?学术界对此长期争论不休。明代,海南王佐认为自汉元帝罢珠崖郡后,海南岛成为中原王朝的域外之地,直至南朝梁武帝大同中因海南儋耳归附于洗夫人才内属。唐胄则认为汉元帝罢珠崖郡后,仅八十六年本岛就又内属。当代,谭其骧先生的观点与王佐大致相同。杨武泉先生则认为从西汉晚期至萧齐,大陆王朝一直在岛上设置县级地方政权。本文虽赞同杨先生的观点,但所用资料和研究方法与之不同,而且只探考西汉朱卢县。认为只需要弄清朱卢县的位置,就可以彻底解决这一历史悬案。现依据许多学术界未曾提及的重要古籍资料和西汉"朱廬執刲"银印所蕴涵的重要信息,采用考据学研究方法,从五个方面来进行考察,所得结论是:西汉合浦郡的朱卢县应当在海南岛。     

A DNA test for sex identification in cattle confirms osteometric results

It is of vital importance to be able to sex identify cattle remains to understand the strategies and importance of cattle husbandry in an ancient society. This is usually done from osteoarchaeological assemblages and often relies on measurements of metapodials. The breadth measurement of the distal trochlea is considered an easy way to identify the sex. Bones from males appears to be easily distinguishable from female counterparts, although it has been complicated to find an external control for the morphological results. Here we investigate the reliability of these particular morphometrics for sex identifying cattle bones with molecular genetics. We use a sex discriminating single nucleotide polymorphism in the ZFXY gene and we apply it to DNA from the bones. To keep the fragment size short and suitable for ancient DNA we base the test on a SNP. The test confirms the osteological sex identification in all cases were DNA could be retrieved. This molecular method can also be used when no fragments suitable for osteological sex identification can be found or when the measurements are non-conclusive.     

古代漆膜的分析研究现状及进展

为了深入研究古代漆膜,构建科学系统的研究框架,从漆膜结构和成分分析、髤制工艺、添加物分析、固化机理、劣化机理等方面,回顾了近年来漆膜分析研究的现状,讨论了鉴定漆膜结构和成分的分析方法,并就漆膜研究中的热点、难点问题进行讨论,展望了漆膜研究的发展趋势。仪器联用及多仪器辅助鉴别将成为漆膜研究的一个发展方向;未来关于漆膜的研究应该是围绕现在热点问题深入探索,逐步解决在研究中遇到的难点问题。同时建立和完善漆皮红外光谱库,实现资源共享,关注漆艺的流传和传承过程,重视现存的传统漆器手工作坊,推进多学科交叉研究,建立一套漆膜研究的成熟体系。     

彩绘回贴技术在秦代高级军吏俑保护修复中的应用

秦俑一号坑新出土一件高级军吏俑(俗称"将军俑"),发现该俑彩绘病害复杂。彩绘脱落严重、泥土附着物面积过大、部分彩绘层已剥离陶俑本体并附着于背部土层上、土层厚重且严重开裂、移位,必须进行保护修复。针对这种复杂的彩绘病害情况,先期进行彩绘分析,根据分析的结果,进行局部回贴试验。在小面积彩绘回贴技术成功的基础上,通过准确定位将残存于土块上的彩绘花纹图案回贴于原位,进行大面积彩绘回贴保护,效果良好。本研究结果可为以后出土的陶质彩绘文物回贴技术提供参考和借鉴。     

被动采样在考古发掘现场大气监测中的应用

通过对被动采样器结构和原理的分析,对其在环境监测中的应用情况进行综述。论述其对环境的适用性和考古发掘现场的特点及有害气体的监测需求。认为被动采样技术在考古发掘现场有害气体的监测中具有广泛的应用前景。