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广州西汉南越王墓和徐州狮子山汉墓是我国汉代最重要和出土玉器数量最多的两个王侯级墓地,两墓出土的丝缕和金缕玉衣是当时南方和中原汉王朝最重要的墓葬玉器之一。通过上手观察、显微镜拍照并利用环境扫描电镜和漫反射红外光谱、拉曼光谱技术对广州南越王墓及徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣部分玉片的质材和加工工艺进行了观察测试和对比分析。结果显示,两地玉衣的玉料均主要为透闪石质,从现存玉衣颜色及玉质结构上看,徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣玉料来源单一且玉质明显好于南越王墓,南越王墓玉料具有多来源的特征,玉衣中的“假玉”可能来自粤西。从南越王墓玉衣片部分切割痕迹判断,南越王墓所使用的切割工具可能接近当时的最高水平,也可能存在中原交换来源的玉材,无法排除南越王墓玉衣全部或部分在当地制作的可能;南越王墓和徐州狮子山汉墓出土玉衣加工工艺特征明显不同,显示两地玉衣系由不同 “玉作”体系加工完成,汉代可能存在多个不同的玉作体系,工艺水平参差不齐。 相似文献
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Hao Chen Quancai Xie Biao Feng Jinlong Liu Yong Huang Hongfu Chen 《Journal of Earthquake Engineering》2018,22(9):1537-1568
Emergency centers, communication systems, and hospitals are essential infrastructures for emergency rescue and subsequent reconstruction activities. An investigation into the Nepal 2015 earthquake sequences found that the visited government offices were functioning normally 40 days after the main shock; that the local media failed to coordinate with the entire society at the beginning, but mobile phone-based communication recovered quickly; and that the hospitals in high-intensity areas were badly damaged as a result of improper design and adverse site configuration. Recommendations are proposed to enhance the aseismic capacity of structural and non-structural components using earthquake early warning and base isolation. 相似文献
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人类文化的产生,由某种意义上说,是从人类的劳动开始的,而人类的劳动又是从制造工具开始的。因此,工具的出现,就意味着人类生产活动的肇始,意味着人类以工具为手段在改变自然界的同时,进而改变人类自身的开始。具有自觉意识的人类的活动,在迈上原始体育形态的第一步台阶时,劳动工具的使用起着重要作用。人类原始的劳动工具,是一种多用途的"人工器官",因此,史前的劳动工具,是反映原始人类文化形态的显著标志。这些工具既是人类同大自然进行斗争的工具,在一定程度上,又是进行身体运动的主要辅助手段。当原始生产工具由于加工技术的发展而不断进步的时候,它们也开始被用于人类进行自身改造的活动中去。从人类利用工具作为器械在改造自然界的同时,进行有意识地自身改造开始,人类原始的体育形态就形成了。但这一发展却经历了极其漫长的过程,在这一漫长的过程中,原始的体育运动器械处于和生产工具不分的状态,即主要用于狩猎、采集的许多生产工具,在一定程度上也被用于身体练习和娱乐活动。如旧石器在晚期,除了石球、石镞和石矛几种新器形的出现外,还有斧形小石刀,雕刻器、钻头等。这些主要是作为切、刮、剥工具来应用于人们生活中的。不过,像小石刀等,后来多数是作为复合工具使用的,因此,它对石镞,石矛等复合工具的发展,也产生了一定的影响。因此,原始生产工具的不断发展进步,也就潜在地为专用原始体育器械的诞生作好了准备。原始社会后期,随着生产力的发展,人类文化的进步和人类活动方式的扩大,许多生产工具在功能方面开始分化。虽然这时的工具仍以石器为主。但在制作方式上,磨制的已占多数,且更为精致,器形种类也大大增多了;同时,骨、角、蚌、木、陶等质料的工具也更加丰富。这一方面反映了人们的经济生活提高了,生活的手段增强了,同时,适应人类运动形式的需要,也演化出了一些颇具专门化的运动器械。但更重要的一点是,工具的改进,为人类文化形态的发展提供了物质前提。对原始体育形态来说,工具的进步与类型的增加,为人们提供了更加丰富的活动手段,在一定程度上,扩大了人们在原始体育上的活动方式。通过考古资料所反映的原始时代工具的发展和功能特点的转化,可以看出原始体育形态从形成到逐步发展的事实。旧石器时代的工具,种类少,形式简单,且多为一器多用。像刮削器、砍砸器、尖状器,甚至石镞、石球等,所显示出的原始体育活动的某些功能只是间接的,其主要特点还是作为当时人类生存谋生的手段。至新石器时代,随着社会和原始经济生活的进步,人们活动领域和内容的扩展,许多工具已经不是生产工具与劳动对象的简单接触所产生的了。这些经过人们精心设计的工具,在原始体育文化的发展中产生了重要的作用,一是许多工具在最初由适应狩猎业和原始农业,逐渐也具有了原始体育活动器械的功能;一是出现了直接用于原始体育活动的器械。这两种变化,使原始的生产、生活工具在推动原始体育形态从其他社会活动中完全分离转化出来,并向文明时代体育形态演化创造了条件。 相似文献
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准确的文化定位,对于一个地区文化历史渊源的追溯、文化内涵的发掘具有重要的意义。作者通过对西羌文化在青海大地上的发展历程的论述,认为西羌文化更能反映青海文化的产生以及在相当长历史时期内发展演变的情况。 相似文献
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1906年,日本侵略者在我国大连设置了一个叫做“南满洲铁道株式会社”(以下简称“满铁”)的组织。它虽对外宣称是一个民营企业,但实际上它与关东军司令部过从甚密,而且“肩负着政府所赋予的使命”,它不仅是日本对中国实行经济掠夺的重要工具,同时也是一个为日军收集我国政治经济情报的特务组织。日本侵略者凭借它在我国东北地区各方面搜集到的情报,发动了“九·一八”事变,成立了伪“满洲国”;随后,关东军又委派它到华北地区刺探情报、建立公司,为日军发动“七·七”事变和全面侵华创造条件。大量事实可以证明,满铁特务组织是日本全面侵华的急先锋和智囊团。 相似文献
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Weijuan Zhao Dan Zhao Qinlong Chen Bo Wu Xiang Li Jianfeng Cui Jihong Li Bo Li 《Archaeometry》2023,65(2):259-268
This article considered glazed tiles excavated from the Ming Imperial Palace site in Nanjing as the research object. Glazed tiles were selected and analyzed via vacuum porosimeter, thermal dilation (TD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to determine their physical property, firing temperature, phase composition, and chemical composition, respectively. Results show that the firing temperature of body belongs to the temperature range (of 950–1,100°C), whereas the water absorption and apparent porosity are large. The phase composition of glazed tile bodies is the same (predominantly quartz and mullite). However, some samples contain trace amounts of rutile, hematite, sodalite, and orthoclase. The firing temperature combined with the phase composition indicates that the raw material and firing process of glazed tile body samples have similarities, which embody of the strict and unified management system of the official kiln. The raw materials of glazed tile body in the Ming Imperial Palace site may come from Dangtu glazed kiln, whereas the rest of the samples remains to be explored. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the evolution of glazed tile-making technology in ancient China, and is important for the protection and repair of glazed buildings in the Ming Dynasty. 相似文献
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Mengjun Jia Guofeng Wei Celestino Grifa Jianhui Zhang Biao Cui Min Li Jun Xu Xiao Ma 《Archaeometry》2023,65(4):736-753
Lime mortars have played an important role in constructing ancient Chinese masonry structures, including city walls, buildings, and tombs. A tomb built with lime mortars and stones belonging a Ming high-ranking official, Xu Jie, was discovered in Huzhou City of China. Eight different samples from Xu Jie’s tomb, representing four types of lime-mortar-based materials: joint mortar between stone bricks, bedding mortar, grouting mortar, and plaster mortars were collected for analysis and comparison. The characterization of the construction materials has therefore become of primary importance. The function of each mortar was reported and studies into the micro-textural features and mineralogical compositions of those mortars were performed via a multi-analytical approach. The joint mortars were all found to be aerial lime mortars with predominately lime. The bedding mortar was found to consist of lime, soil and sand, typical of a tabia mortar. The grouting mortar was found to consist of lime and ground contact metamorphosed limestone. Analysis of plaster sample taken from the roof of the main tomb identified the presence of calcium stearate/palmitate, indicating the usage of plant-based tung oil as an additive. The analytical results will promote our understanding of Ming architectural technology and craftsmanship, and provide critical information for the conservation of Xu Jie’s tomb. 相似文献