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ABSTRACTFollowing the devastation of the northern Iraqi city of Mosul by the Islamic State (IS), UNESCO launched a project to ‘Revive the Spirit of Mosul’. This article critically reflects on this UNESCO-led project, drawing on 47 interviews with Syrians and Iraqis, as well as documenting the implications of UNESCO’s efforts in earlier (post-)conflict heritage reconstruction projects in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Mali. Specifically, this article focuses on two sites in Mosul, both deliberately destroyed by the IS and both nominated by UNESCO for reconstruction. The data analysed reveal that heritage reconstruction projects, especially in complex (post-)conflict environments such as Iraq, requires ongoing, nuanced and careful engagement with local populations to succeed. Failure to do so leaves both local people and their heritage sites vulnerable to renewed attacks and therefore ultimately undermines UNESCO’s broader mission to foster peace. 相似文献
103.
Benjamin Reilly 《Australian journal of political science》2004,39(2):253-266
In recent years, a number of countries have adopted versions of the ‘Australian’ electoral system of preferential voting for both national and sub‐national elections. This article examines the diffusion of preferential voting systems around the world. It distinguishes between various types of preferential voting manifested in both majoritarian (eg alternative vote) and proportional (eg single transferable vote) contexts. It then examines the empirical record of the adoption of preferential voting in Europe, North America and the Pacific, identifying three ways in which the ‘Australian’ system has been transferred to other countries, via colonial transplanting, international imitation, and normative appeal. While the first two approaches have been traditionally influential, in recent years the normative appeal of preferential voting systems has become paramount. This is in part because of the globalisation of electoral assistance, which has provided an important opportunity for the diffusion of what have been, until recently, distinctively ‘Australian’ electoral procedures. 相似文献
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Benjamin Elman 《Frontiers of History in China》2011,6(1):3-25
The discourses of classical scholars during the eighteenth century reinforced a shift from Song-Ming rationalism to a more
skeptical and secular classical empiricism. By making precise scholarship the source of acceptable knowledge, Qing classicists
contended that the legitimate reach of ancient ideals should be reevaluated through comparative delineation of the textual
sources from which all such knowledge derived. This turn to empirically based classical inquiry meant that abstract ideas
and rational argumentation gave way as the primary objects of elite discussion to concrete facts, verifiable institutions,
ancient natural studies, and historical events. In general, Qing classicists regarded Song and Ming “Learning of the Way”
as an obstacle to verifiable truth because it discouraged further inquiry along empirical lines. The empirical approach to
knowledge they advocated placed proof and verification at the heart of analysis of the classical tradition. During this time,
scholars and critics also applied historical analysis to the official Classics. Classical commentary yielded to textual criticism
and a “search for evidence” to refortify the ancient canon. Representing a late imperial movement in Confucian letters, Qing
classicists still sought to restore the classical vision. The early modern power of their philology, however, yielded the
forces of decanonization and delegitimation as modernist trends, which went beyond the intellectual limits they had imposed
on their own writings. 相似文献
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Benjamin W. Roberts 《Journal of World Prehistory》2009,22(4):461-481
The earliest metal objects and metal production practices appeared in Western Europe during the fourth and third millennia
BC. The presence of earlier dates for copper, gold, silver, and lead, as well as arsenical copper and tin-bronze alloys in
Central and Eastern Europe implies that there is no evidence for the independent invention of metallurgy in Western Europe.
Instead, the acquisition of metal objects as exotica by communities appears to have led eventually to the movement of people
possessing metallurgical expertise. However, the metals, production techniques and object forms used in each region reflect
local standards seen in other materials. This implies a process of incorporation and innovation by the communities involved
rather than a straightforward or inevitable adoption. The presence of metal may have created new networks of communication
and exchange but, due to its small scale, there is no evidence for any metallurgical revolution. 相似文献
109.
A Comparison of Three Exploratory Methods for Cluster Detection in Spatial Point Patterns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper compares the performances of three exploratory methods for cluster detection in spatial point patterns where the at-risk population is known. After reviewing two existing methods, Openshaw et al. (1987) and Besag and Newell (1991), an alternative method is introduced. These three methods are then compared empirically using two point patterns drawn from a disaggregate housing database consisting of 28,832 observations. Each observation in the data set contains attributes of single-family detached dwellings in the City of Amherst, New York. This paper provides some new insights into the performance of the three methods, as previous applications have used spatially aggregated (and hence rather inaccurate) data. The paper also demonstrates the utility of GIS for this type of spatial analysis. 相似文献
110.