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101.
Benjamin Reilly 《Australian journal of political science》2004,39(2):253-266
In recent years, a number of countries have adopted versions of the ‘Australian’ electoral system of preferential voting for both national and sub‐national elections. This article examines the diffusion of preferential voting systems around the world. It distinguishes between various types of preferential voting manifested in both majoritarian (eg alternative vote) and proportional (eg single transferable vote) contexts. It then examines the empirical record of the adoption of preferential voting in Europe, North America and the Pacific, identifying three ways in which the ‘Australian’ system has been transferred to other countries, via colonial transplanting, international imitation, and normative appeal. While the first two approaches have been traditionally influential, in recent years the normative appeal of preferential voting systems has become paramount. This is in part because of the globalisation of electoral assistance, which has provided an important opportunity for the diffusion of what have been, until recently, distinctively ‘Australian’ electoral procedures. 相似文献
102.
103.
Benjamin Elman 《Frontiers of History in China》2011,6(1):3-25
The discourses of classical scholars during the eighteenth century reinforced a shift from Song-Ming rationalism to a more
skeptical and secular classical empiricism. By making precise scholarship the source of acceptable knowledge, Qing classicists
contended that the legitimate reach of ancient ideals should be reevaluated through comparative delineation of the textual
sources from which all such knowledge derived. This turn to empirically based classical inquiry meant that abstract ideas
and rational argumentation gave way as the primary objects of elite discussion to concrete facts, verifiable institutions,
ancient natural studies, and historical events. In general, Qing classicists regarded Song and Ming “Learning of the Way”
as an obstacle to verifiable truth because it discouraged further inquiry along empirical lines. The empirical approach to
knowledge they advocated placed proof and verification at the heart of analysis of the classical tradition. During this time,
scholars and critics also applied historical analysis to the official Classics. Classical commentary yielded to textual criticism
and a “search for evidence” to refortify the ancient canon. Representing a late imperial movement in Confucian letters, Qing
classicists still sought to restore the classical vision. The early modern power of their philology, however, yielded the
forces of decanonization and delegitimation as modernist trends, which went beyond the intellectual limits they had imposed
on their own writings. 相似文献
104.
105.
106.
Benjamin W. Roberts 《Journal of World Prehistory》2009,22(4):461-481
The earliest metal objects and metal production practices appeared in Western Europe during the fourth and third millennia
BC. The presence of earlier dates for copper, gold, silver, and lead, as well as arsenical copper and tin-bronze alloys in
Central and Eastern Europe implies that there is no evidence for the independent invention of metallurgy in Western Europe.
Instead, the acquisition of metal objects as exotica by communities appears to have led eventually to the movement of people
possessing metallurgical expertise. However, the metals, production techniques and object forms used in each region reflect
local standards seen in other materials. This implies a process of incorporation and innovation by the communities involved
rather than a straightforward or inevitable adoption. The presence of metal may have created new networks of communication
and exchange but, due to its small scale, there is no evidence for any metallurgical revolution. 相似文献
107.
A Comparison of Three Exploratory Methods for Cluster Detection in Spatial Point Patterns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper compares the performances of three exploratory methods for cluster detection in spatial point patterns where the at-risk population is known. After reviewing two existing methods, Openshaw et al. (1987) and Besag and Newell (1991), an alternative method is introduced. These three methods are then compared empirically using two point patterns drawn from a disaggregate housing database consisting of 28,832 observations. Each observation in the data set contains attributes of single-family detached dwellings in the City of Amherst, New York. This paper provides some new insights into the performance of the three methods, as previous applications have used spatially aggregated (and hence rather inaccurate) data. The paper also demonstrates the utility of GIS for this type of spatial analysis. 相似文献
108.
109.
Benjamin White 《Development and change》1979,10(1):91-114
… with a rule and a pair of scales, and the multiplication table always in his pocket, Sir, ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature, and tell you exactly what it comes to. It is a mere question of figures, a case of simple arithmetic. Mr Gradgrind in Dickens's Hard Times. Research has indicated that in rural areas, the income of the poor has increased faster than that of the rich … in 1967, 9 out of 10 Indonesians lived below the poverty line; in 1970, 8 out of 10, and in 1976 only 3 out of 10. This means the benefits of development are being distributed … How do we react to these figures? One may still suggest various reservations concerning the indicators of increasing equality. For example, it should be made clear to the layman to what extent the poverty line standard based on the World Bank research is sufficiently valid and objective to be used as a measure and a guide for Indonesian society. We also need further clarification of the more rapid income increases among the poor compared to the rich in rural society. For according to other research, they say that the gap between land-owners and labourers is also increasing. Kompas editorial, 18 August, 1977, Jakarta (translated). 相似文献
110.
Benjamin Irvine 《对极》2023,55(2):458-479
Ambitions for a European “circular economy” imply waste is becoming an important “commodity frontier”. Increased recycling in Europe has been accompanied by a proliferation of informal waste work. “Southern” geographies of informal recyclers provide resources for interpreting this phenomenon but studies of a commodity frontier in urban waste have tended to focus on moments when informal waste workers are displaced by capital intensive waste management systems. I draw on concepts in world-ecology and materialist ecofeminism to explore the proliferation of informal waste workers in Barcelona and the way their (re)production produces “Metabolic Value”. Informal waste work is shown to emerge and persist as part of a commodity frontier process—where the appropriation of unpaid work from non-commodified spaces is the hallmark of how capitalism secures “Cheap Nature”. The study suggests that, rather than internalising ecological costs, recycling often rests on the appropriation of value from uncommodified spaces. 相似文献