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31.
Claire Feuvrier Prévotat Isabelle Paresys Jean-Michel Sallmann Joël Cornette Laurent Bourquin Françoise Waquet Nicole Lemaître Jean-Yves Mollier Isabelle Backouche Dominique Poulot Perrine Simon-Nahum Marie-Claire Hoock-Demarle 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》1996,117(3-4):547-575
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The present paper surveys the discussions conducted by official statisticians regarding the ideal structure according to which a national data collection system should have been designed if it was to meet the challenges put up by the various transformation Western countries have undergone since the beginning of the 19th century. Arguments in favour of coordination, centralization, or decentralization have emerged for the first time in 1832 Britain, when the Statistical Bureau of the Board of Trade was created. Up to 1945, this debate went on, the industrial take-off, the economic crises, and the world wars all being occasions for its protagonists to put forward their preferred view. The perspective we take here is original in two respects: on the one hand, instead of confining ourselves to the major statistical systems (those of France, Britain, and the USA), we intend to evoke a large number of cases and, from this comparative standpoint, propose a general account of the drive towards centralization; on the other hand, instead of restraining our-selves to the 19th century, we cover the entire time-frame extending from 1800 to 1945. 相似文献
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Jean-Marc Drouin Patrick Gautier Dalché Fabien Chareix Charles Lenay Monique Cottret Bernard Vandewalle François Laplanche Françoise Waquet Agnès Spiquel Ariane Poulantzas Olivier Martin Sophie Roux Ilana Löwy Françoise Waquet Isabelle Brian Michel Cassan Jean-Marc Rohrbasser Jean-Michel Vienne Marc Renneville Bernard Lahire Mikhaäl Xifaras Bertrand Binoche Stéphane Haber Jean-François Pradeau Noël Bonneuil Marie Jaisson 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》1997,118(4):551-613
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Determination of the Fineness of Medieval Coins—Evaluation of Methods in a Case Study of a Medieval Pfennig 下载免费PDF全文
The original fineness of coins is very important information that can help us to understand the commercial situation in a wide historical context. This paper deals with a comparison of analytical methods suitable for the evaluation of the actual and original fineness of coins based on a detailed case study of a medieval coin sample. Both non‐destructive (i.e., scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, atomic force microscopy and hydrostatic weighing) and destructive (i.e., inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry and the Volhard titration method) techniques were used. The original fineness can be also deduced from knowledge of the internal structure of the coin (limited miscibility of copper and silver). A new analytical method based on a combination of a micrograph of the metallographic cross‐section with consequent image analysis was developed for determination of the original fineness. The proposed approach is relatively simple and provides reliable values. Sample heterogeneity and its impact on the determination of fineness are also discussed. 相似文献