Phytolith analysis for the identification of barnyard millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinochloa</Emphasis> sp.) and its implications

Echinochloa was an important prehistoric food crop of early agriculture in Asia. Macro-remains can be used to identify Echinochloa. However, when few macro-remains are available, phytolith analysis can be performed. In this study, we examined the phytolith morphology of the glumes, lemmas, and paleas from the inflorescence bracts of nine Echinochloa species from different regions of China and obtained diagnostic, morphological, and morphometric characteristics for Echinochloa. Phytoliths in Echinochloa are different from those in most known crops except those in Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum. We found the following two diagnostic features within an epidermal silica layer that can be used to distinguish Echinochloa sp. from S. italica and P. miliaceum: (1) the β-type undulated patterns with constricted top of the undulation amplitude and (2) the discriminant functions based on the morphometric data of the β-type undulated patterns, which suggested that 94.9 % of the cross-validated data were correctly classified into Echinochloa, S. italica, and P. miliaceum. Thus, we established the phytolith identification criteria for Echinochloa; this could have important implications in plant taxonomy, archaeobotany, and plant domestication.     

大足多宝塔供养人冯大学即冯楫的史料调查

在大足石刻北山多宝塔内,有两龛造像和六件铭文与冯大学、冯某有关。经考证,冯大学、冯某即南宋绍兴时官员冯楫。     

论俄国缙绅会议

缙绅会议在俄国从16世纪中期开始到17世纪中期逐渐停止召开,存在了一百多年。俄国学者多从西欧政治制度发展的模式来理解俄国缙绅会议,认为它是俄国的等级代表制度。与西欧封建等级议会相比,俄国缙绅会议在起源、作用上都有很大不同。它只是在16—17世纪发挥了短暂作用,并没有演变为西欧那样稳定的等级代表制机构。缙绅会议的代表制只不过扩大了沙皇进行统治的阶级基础,成为沙皇制度在一段时期可以利用的工具。使用西方模式和概念来认识俄国政治制度的演变,只能说其像谁,而不能说其是谁。     

考古发现所见两汉琥珀印探述

琥珀制品在两汉时期风靡一时,琥珀印在琥珀制品中颇具特色。本文在对中国境内考古发现所见两汉琥珀印资料收集与整理的基础上,对其出土地域、自身特征、出土位置及伴出物品等问题进行了探讨。研究表明出土琥珀印的墓葬等级较高,且出土位置特殊,并伴随有水晶、玛瑙、海蓝宝等贵重宝石。这些宝石的产地可能源自南亚或东南亚地区,而这类随葬品在两汉墓葬中的流行亦体现了当时物质交流的成果。     

Maya heritage: entangled and transformed

This article discusses two aspects of heritage – entanglement and transformation – that became clear during a recent cultural heritage project in Yucatan, Mexico. Regarding entanglement, heritage becomes relevant only when coupled with other concerns, ranging from politics to livelihood to personal biographies. An unpredictable array of entanglements came into being during the project and these entanglements elevated the impact and visibility of local heritage to an unanticipated degree. Transformation refers to the claim that heritage is not frozen in the past. Instead, it is in motion and subject to change. The transformations of heritage discussed in this paper are examined from the perspective of a mobilities paradigm and understood, in part, as resulting from the experience of performing heritage for outsiders for the first time. In so far as the heritage project precipitated changes in identity, this paper explores what is meant by Maya identity and argues that it is a fluid construct that can be both anchored in the past and negotiated in the present. This perspective makes sense of an event in which contemporary people anchored their identity in a spectacular 1000-year-old ruin, but falls short of explaining the uneven recognition of smaller ruins.     

The task coordination method of intelligence-alliance innovation team of universities in Western China

To resolve the dilemma among a shortage of high-end talents, low level of scientific research and a huge brain drain in western universities in China, we proposes a way out by building an intelligence-alliance innovation team—a new interregional and multiagent cooperation mode. We identify major disagreements that hamper a fruitful collaboration, and then analyze reasons of such poor coordination. Given diversified backgrounds and different preferences of intelligence-alliance innovation teams, we suggest multiagent group decision-making as a method of seeking task coordination for participants in conflict and their problem-solvers. Finally, a specific case is given to prove that this method can improve task coordination of intelligence-alliance innovation teams, and that holistic feedback coordination may be the best scheme of task coordination for intelligence-alliance innovation teams.     

用于壁画修复的两种动物胶的性能表征

动物胶作为一种常见的壁画修复材料,具有无毒,无腐蚀,与壁画兼容性好等优点,同时也存在耐水性差、易受微生物侵蚀等缺点。为了探索壁画修复中所用动物胶的性能,选择牛皮胶和明胶(化学纯)两种材料作为实验对象,对两者的性能进行了实验室表征。结果表明,质量分数大于等于1%,小于等于3%的牛皮胶,水汽透过率高,粘结强度适中,渗透性好,对壁画光泽度、色度影响小,更适合莫高窟壁画的修复实践。     

长江中游城市群协同创新空间关联网络结构时空演变研究

基于城市群城市间创新联系和创新差异水平的改进引力模型,运用社会网络分析方法探究了2006—2016年长江中游城市群协同创新空间关联网络结构及其时空演变趋势。研究发现:研究期内长江中游城市群城市间协同创新水平整体逐渐提升,但强寡弱多的非均衡格局改变并不显著;空间上形成了以武汉、长沙为中心辐射邻近地区的协同创新高值区,环鄱阳湖城市群相对落后;长江中游城市群协同创新空间关联网络整体密度和效率提升较快,而三大子城市群城市间协同创新发展相对滞后;网络多中心在发育,逐渐由最初的双核主导发展为"3+5"多核心格局;随着创新内外环境的变化,网络内部四个凝聚子群不断重构,结构和功能更加复杂化和层次化。     

中国祖先崇拜的起源和种族神话

如题目所见,这篇文章分两个部分,前者从考古上讨论中国祖先崇拜的起源,后者根据文献和作者对黄帝陵的实地考察,讨论黄帝如何从传说中的圣人最后变成全中国人民共祖的过程。从考古上研究祖先崇拜有许多局限性,尤其是在没有文字记载的史前时期更是如此。作者根据龙岗寺、史家、阳山和呈子等四个史前墓地祭祀坑的分布情况,提出中国的祖先崇拜至少可以上溯至新石器时代中期,大致经历了从"集体祖先崇拜"到针对个人的祖先崇拜的过程;文章还认为,从集体祖先到个人祖先祭祀仪式的转换过程,恰与从平等社会发展到等级社会的过程相呼应。进入商代之后,祖先崇拜仪式高度制度化,祖先崇拜渗透到国家政治生活的方方面面,在国家的起源和统治集团的合法化方面均发挥着不可替代的作用。根据作者的分类,祖先包括神话祖先和王室祖先,黄帝本是在商周之际被创造出来的神话祖先的一员,但是经过两千多年来的崇拜和祭祀,他从一个神话中的英雄,成为汉族的缔造者,进而成为全中国人民的共祖。作者仔细地考察了这个过程,并认为对黄帝的祭祀和崇拜,是历史上一系列政治运作的产物,神话的祖先既可以被创造,也可以被用来追求政治的和经济的目的。经过《古史辩》的深入讨论,黄帝的神性和神格本不成为问题,但是目前在考古界泛滥成灾的把考古发现跟传说人物对号入座的现象,应该可以在这篇短文里发现自己对古史的轻信和盲从。其实,对号入座本身,倒是我国考古界一个值得研究的学术问题。