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61.
Eileen M. Murphy 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):409-428
Cilliní—or children’s burial grounds—were the designated resting places for unbaptized infants and other members of Irish society
who were considered unsuitable by the Roman Catholic Church for burial in consecrated ground. The sites appear to have proliferated
from the seventeenth century onwards in the wake of the Counter-Reformation. While a number of previous studies have attempted
to relate their apparently marginal characteristics to the liminality of Limbo, evidence drawn from the archaeological record
and oral history accounts suggests that it was only the Roman Catholic Church that considered cilliní, and those interred within, to be marginal. In contrast, the evidence suggests that the families of the dead regarded the
cemeteries as important places of burial and treated them in a similar manner to consecrated burial grounds. 相似文献
62.
Tobias Lauer Rainer Bonn Manfred Frechen Magret C. Fuchs Marcus Trier Sumiko Tsukamoto 《Geochronometria》2011,38(4):341-349
Due to the construction of a new North-South subway in Cologne, Roman time harbour sediments were exposed and were sampled
for luminescence dating. A very good independent age control was given by the precise knowledge of the chronology of Roman
activity and by radiocarbon ages of charcoal samples. Hence, different methodological approaches within luminescence dating
were applied for Holocene heterogeneously bleached fluvial samples and were compared to the known ages. For one sample, optically
stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to coarse-grained quartz using a single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol.
After De-measurements, different statistical approaches were tested (i.e. arithmetic mean, median, minimum age model, finite mixture
model, leading edge method and the Fuchs and Lang approach). It is demonstrated that the Fuchs and Lang approach along with
the leading edge method yielded the best matching OSL ages with respect to the known ages. 相似文献
63.
Pauline Burger Armelle Charrié-Duhaut Jacques Connan Pierre Albrecht 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(2):185-200
Plant and particularly non-wood forest products have played an important role in the evolution of human cultures all over
the world, as source of food but also of raw substances fulfilling material, spiritual, and medicinal requirements. Plant
exudates and particularly dammar resins (Dipterocarpaceae family) were widely used in the past in Asia notably as waterproofing
and caulking materials. This study focuses on the GC–MS chemical characterisation of freshly collected dammars and establishes
new molecular parameters enabling discrimination between dammars and other types of plant resin, whatever their botanical
origin. Such analyses provide clues for a precise identification (taxonomy, occurrence of other material in addition to the
resin, alteration state) of unknown resinous material discovered in archaeological contexts. The value of our approach is
illustrated by the taxonomic characterisation of two samples collected in jars from the Brunei wreck and a Chinese junk lost
more than 40 km off the Sultanate of Brunei during the end of the fifteenth century or the early beginning of the sixteenth
century. 相似文献
64.
Michael J. O’Brien R. Alexander Bentley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):309-335
Michael Schiffer’s theoretical and methodological contributions to archaeology are substantial. For the last two decades, Schiffer has become increasingly interested in the history of electrical technology, including portable radios, electric automobiles, eighteenth-century electrostatic technology, and, most recently, nineteenth-century electric light and power systems. Schiffer has long held a behavioral view, which focuses analytical attention on interactions between humans and material things, including complex technological systems (CTSs). For Schiffer, two key aspects of the evolution of CTSs are stimulated variation, defined as an increase in invention resulting from changing selective conditions, and cascading, defined as sequential spurts of invention that occur through the recognition of emergent performance problems in a CTS. To attain maximum usefulness, these concepts should be placed in a modern evolutionary framework that correctly identifies, and does not oversell, the role played by cultural selection. Research on individual and social learning provides the critical link between Schiffer’s stimulated variation and cascade models and the diffusion of CTSs. 相似文献
65.
The paper deals with dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of subfossil trunks found in the basin of the Morava River.
The research into subfossil trunks had been conducted in the Czech Republic in the past but the research stopped in 2001.
160 records of measurements of subfossil, predominantly oak trunk samples, are preserved from that time. Three years ago the
research was reopened and again the most trunks were found in the basin of the Morava River. 92 samples of oak trunks and
7 samples of other tree species (poplar, elm, maple, beech) were taken from selected sites. The samples were processed in
compliance with the standard dendrochronological methodology. To date the samples, Czech, Austrian, Polish and German standard
chronologies were used. In cases when the dendrochronological dating was unsuccessful, the samples were sent for radiocarbon
dating. In total, 35 samples were dated, mainly by the radiocarbon method. Subfossil trunks from gravel pit Tovačov were dated
and classified into 4 different periods, the oldest being from 2780–2190 BC. In Osek nad Bečvou, the samples were taken from
two sites. Whereas from the 4 trunks taken in the river channel each was from a different period, the trunks from the gravel
pit come from 981–1015 AD. The trunks found in the Morava River basin near Strážnice were dated to the 10th–15th century. In the future, we expect to extend the amount of the acquired samples with the aim to create a link to the existing
standard chronology or to create a long floating average treering curve. 相似文献
66.
67.
Nicolò Marchetti Ivana Angelini Gilberto Artioli Giacomo Benati Gabriele Bitelli Antonio Curci Gustavo Marfia Marco Roccetti 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2018,26(4):447-469
The full release and circulation of excavation results often takes decades, thus slowing down progress in archaeology to a degree not in keeping with other scientific fields. The nonconformity of released data for digital processing also requires vast and costly data input and adaptation. Archaeology should face the cognitive challenges posed by digital environments, changing in scope and rhythm. We advocate the adoption of a synergy between recording techniques, field analytics, and a collaborative approach to create a new epistemological perspective, one in which research questions are constantly redefined through real-time, collaborative analysis of data as they are collected and/or searched for in an excavation. Since new questions are defined in science discourse after previous results have been disseminated and discussed within the scientific community, sharing evidence in remote with colleagues, both in the process of field collection and subsequent study, will be a key innovative feature, allowing a complex and real-time distant interaction with the scholarly community and leading to more rapid improvements in research agendas and queries. 相似文献
68.
69.
The complexity of hunter-gatherer technology has been measured by counting artifact parts or production steps. There are a variety of alternative approaches to the measurement of artifact or system complexity. If technological complexity is assumed to reflect the complexity of the problem (or amount of entropy reduction) that the artifact is designed to address, the most appropriate measure of technological complexity is functional design complexity, which entails application of the entropy formula from information theory to the making and using of an artifact and the results obtained by its use. Functional complexity is related to structural or hierarchical complexity, because the entropy formula can be represented as a hierarchy (or step-by-step reduction of entropy) and the functional differentiation is related to the structural differentiation of an artifact. Another approach to hunter-gatherer technological complexity entails definition of a class of “complex artifacts” on the basis of general design characteristics (e.g., incorporation of moving parts). The most structurally and functionally complex artifacts are those that possess multiple states, either through changes in the physical relationship between parts (or sub-parts) during use or through structural differentiation. Although functional complexity is difficult to measure, structural or hierarchical complexity may be measured—and multiple-state artifacts may be counted—with adequate ethnographic and archaeological data on hunter-gatherer technology. 相似文献
70.
Joan Negre Facundo Muñoz Juan Antonio Barceló 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2018,25(3):777-794
Most quantitative approaches to distributional analysis in archaeology assume a homogeneous study surface that is amenable to easy generalisations. This framework has been widely used to describe settlement processes, disregarding the spatial heterogeneity inherent to geographic reality. In other words, researchers have often assumed that the correlation between the elements of a spatial distribution is a function of the Euclidean distance (i.e. straight line distance) between them. Other archaeological studies have tested alternative measures to Euclidean distances, such as cost-based ones, both to describe optimal routes and to assess spatial autocorrelation in a point pattern. Nevertheless, until now there has been no suitable model to introduce these measures into spatial statistical equations. In order to overcome this obstacle, we approach the implementation problem inversely by embedding the spatial pattern under study into a Euclidean frame of reference based on its cost-distance pairwise matrix. This paper describes the application of this methodology on one of the main tools used by archaeologists to assess settlement patterns: Ripley’s K function. We present two case studies, covering both macroscale and mesoscale, with significant variations in the results depending on the use of the Euclidean or cost-based approach. Data, functions and results have been R-packaged for the sake of reproducibility and reusability, allowing other researchers to build upon our methods. 相似文献