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191.
Luke A. Gliganic Zenobia Jacobs Richard G. Roberts 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2012,4(2):115-135
Mumba rockshelter is a key archaeological site for the Middle and Later Stone Age occupation of East Africa, but its chronology
has remained unresolved. We report the results of a dating study, focussing on the characterisation of the optically stimulated
luminescence (OSL) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) properties of quartz- and potassium-rich feldspar grains. Quartz
has previously proven troublesome for dating in East Africa. We identified five general types of quartz grain behaviour, based
on the shapes of their OSL decay and dose–response curves. Dose recovery experiments and measurement of the natural samples
revealed particular problems with quartz grains that had hyperbolic dose–response curves, low characteristic saturation doses
and anomalously large changes in sensitivity between regenerative-dose cycles. The use of pulsed irradiation during measurement
and standard and additional quality-assurance criteria during data analysis reduced the number of grains that suffered from
these problems. We applied these procedures to individual grains of quartz from eight samples and, using appropriate statistical
models, identified post-depositional mixing in three samples. The remaining samples had scattered equivalent-dose distributions
typical of quartz grains that had received variable beta dose rates during burial. Stratigraphically consistent OSL ages were
obtained for all but the deepest sample. Feldspar ages were estimated for the latter sample and three other samples, using
the elevated temperature IRSL signal that exhibited low rates of anomalous fading. Fading-corrected feldspar ages for the
latter three samples are consistent with their single-grain quartz ages, but single-grain dating is needed to address problems
of post-depositional mixing. 相似文献
192.
Christina Cheung Hannes Schroeder Robert E. M. Hedges 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2012,4(1):61-73
This study uses stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) of human bone collagen to reconstruct the diet of three Romano-British (first to early fifth century AD) populations from
Gloucestershire in South West England. Gloucestershire was an important part of Roman Britain with two major administrative
centres at Gloucester (Glevum) and Cirencester (Corinium) and numerous smaller settlements and farmsteads. To investigate
potential dietary differences between the rural and urban populations of Roman Gloucestershire, we compared human bone collagen
stable isotope values from 32 individuals from urban Gloucester with those of 46 individuals from two rural cemeteries at
Horcott Quarry and Cotswold Community, respectively. Seven individuals from urban Gloucester were buried in a mass grave;
all others were buried in single inhumations. Results show small but significant differences in stable isotope ratios between
the urban and rural populations which indicate that the urban population might have consumed slightly more marine and/or freshwater
resources than the people living in the rural communities. We interpret this difference as a direct reflection of Rome’s influence
on Gloucester’s population and the town’s economic status. Subtle differences in stable isotope ratios were also observed
at the site level, as burial practice does correlate with diet in some cases. Overall, the results from this study demonstrate
that diet, as reconstructed through stable isotope analysis, is a very sensitive, if settlement-specific, indicator of social
differentiation and culture change. 相似文献
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Jochen Hoock 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2011,132(2):277-291
The activities of jurists, they may be judges, lawyers or university teachers, occupy a central role in the maintenance of the political and social order of modern societies. In Germany the confrontation of the recent past provoked in the early 1960’s a large debate about the real foundations of the modern state and his role in the crisis of the modernity which have been pursuit in the course of the eighties issuing in the beginning of the century in the discussions about integration and a general order of values to be recognized by everybody. 相似文献
195.
Bertram Mapunda 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(3):161-175
Pre-colonial African ironworking was much more than just a technology; it encompassed economic, social, political, symbolic,
and even healing components. It is only unfortunate that archaeometallurgical research has not availed equal weight to each
aspect, hence the apparent obscurity of some of them. Revealing the multiple facets of healing as manifested in ironworking
technology, this paper attempts to rectify this imbalance. Essentially, the paper examines pros and cons of combining ironworking
with healing of humans, a phenomenon common among ironworking communities in pre-colonial Africa. It is revealed that by combining
the two, iron smelters ensured themselves of gains beyond technology and economy; they also became socially and politically
influential. In addition, the paper notes that there existed a very close connection between healing and ritualism not only
among smelter–healers but also conventional healers. After a thorough examination, it is found that the connection between
the two was also pragmatic and deliberately instituted by the practitioners in order to enhance monopoly of their trade and
protect their inventions against interlopers. 相似文献
196.
Víctor M. Fernández 《African Archaeological Review》2011,28(4):279-300
Two sites with schematic rock paintings in Western Ethiopia, where Islamic ceremonies connected with rain-making are performed
and miraculous events are said to occur regularly, are interpreted in the light of such factors as the beliefs of local informants,
the Islamic appropriation of prehistoric rituals in Northern Africa, the characteristics of similar sites linked to rain-making
rituals throughout Eastern Africa and the apotropaic meaning of schematic marks in many traditional cultures. Probably painted
by the ancestors of the current Koman language speakers during the Later Stone Age or shortly afterwards, the rock art contextual
analysis reveals the complexity of interregional relationships and processes affecting the multi-ethnic frontier regions in
pre-colonial times and shows how the local groups have recombined prehistoric and historic religions and ideologies into an
original mix that bears witness to the region’s multifaceted history. 相似文献
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Michael J. O’Brien R. Alexander Bentley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):309-335
Michael Schiffer’s theoretical and methodological contributions to archaeology are substantial. For the last two decades, Schiffer has become increasingly interested in the history of electrical technology, including portable radios, electric automobiles, eighteenth-century electrostatic technology, and, most recently, nineteenth-century electric light and power systems. Schiffer has long held a behavioral view, which focuses analytical attention on interactions between humans and material things, including complex technological systems (CTSs). For Schiffer, two key aspects of the evolution of CTSs are stimulated variation, defined as an increase in invention resulting from changing selective conditions, and cascading, defined as sequential spurts of invention that occur through the recognition of emergent performance problems in a CTS. To attain maximum usefulness, these concepts should be placed in a modern evolutionary framework that correctly identifies, and does not oversell, the role played by cultural selection. Research on individual and social learning provides the critical link between Schiffer’s stimulated variation and cascade models and the diffusion of CTSs. 相似文献
200.
David Wheatley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):256-271
This paper notes the adoption of digital photography as a primary recording means within archaeology, and reviews some issues
and problems that this presents. Particular attention is given to the problems of recording high-contrast scenes in archaeology
and high dynamic range imaging using multiple exposures is suggested as a means of providing an archive of high-contrast scenes
that can later be tone-mapped to provide a variety of visualisations. Exposure fusion is also considered, although it is noted
that this has some disadvantages. Three case studies are then presented: (1) a very high-contrast photograph taken from within
a rock-cut tomb at Cala Morell, Menorca, (2) an archaeological test pitting exercise requiring rapid acquisition of photographic
records in challenging circumstances and (3) legacy material consisting of three differently exposed colour positive (slide)
photographs of the same scene. In each case, high dynamic range (HDR) methods are shown to significantly aid the generation
of a high-quality illustrative record photograph, and it is concluded that HDR imaging could serve an effective role in archaeological
photographic recording, although there remain problems of archiving and distributing HDR radiance map data. 相似文献