On the Statistical Significance of the Observed Map in Spatial Diffusion

This paper examines the problem of determining the statistical significance of an observed spatial distribution vis-à-vis a simulated pattern of the “Hägerstrand type.” It is argued that the sampling distribution for a Hägerstrand type simulator is multinomial. The diffusion model considered is logically equivalent to a multinomial experiment with independent assignment of adoptions to areal cells according to a probability distribution that remains fixed for a given time interval. Conventional tests for goodness of multinomial fit are thus appropriate.     

SNOW AS A RESOURCE AND HAZARD IN EARLY-TWENTIETH-CENTURY MINING, SELKIRK MOUNTAINS, BRITISH COLUMBIA

Snow as both a resource and a hazard is discussed in the context of early-twentieth-century mining in the southern Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia. This case study focuses on the Carpenter Creek region , a productive silver mining area during the period 1892–1930. Historical data sources including newspapers, government reports, anecdotal literature, and photographs, have been employed. As a resource, snow usually provided a plentiful water-supply for domestic, industrial, and power-generation purposes and served as the basis of ore transport from most minesites by the process of rawhiding. As a hazard, snow disrupted trail and rail transport and was the basis of an enduring avalanche risk that often resulted in deaths, injuries, and structural damage. Mining and related activities destroyed much of the natural forest cover, which led to an increased extent of avalanches. A variety of technological and behavioural adjustments were made to mitigate the hazards posed by snow. Other hazards such as forest fires and flooding, coupled with socioeconomic conditions, such as silver prices, labour shortages, and strikes, adversely affected the local economy throughout the period of study. However, the ultimate demise of the economy resulted from the collapse of world silver prices in 1929 .