Ancient and Non-Western International Thought

Summary

In early and prehistoric times, human groups cooperated among themselves and competed viciously with other groups. Concepts of international relations, notably universal hegemony and exclusive nationalism, go back to the earliest recorded history. Only the ancient Greeks experienced inter-state relations somewhat analogous to those of modern Europe; and the first reflections on these may be found in Thucydides. The Greeks, and later the Romans, above all Cicero, developed a notion of cosmopolitanism. During the Latin Middle Ages, the papacy perpetuated the idea of universal hegemony. The principle of state sovereignty was also formulated. The pre-modern Chinese empire was held to rule ‘all-under-Heaven’; Confucian ethics contributes the notion of humanity (ren) as the fundamental category. Muslims deepened the us–them distinction by claiming sole legitimacy for their religious community under the Caliph (Deputy of Muhammad). Today, Muslims veer between this and a more Western approach to international relations.     

Economic Development Policy in the Canton of Neuchatel

After having experienced a period of steady economic and demographic growth in the 1960s, the Canton of Neuchatel was very severely hit by the crisis of 1975 and subsequently by that of 1982. Industrial activity suffered the consequences of these two successive recessions, in particular in horology. To fend off the crisis, the political authorities of the canton decided to pursue an active policy of business promotion. In parallel with these efforts, the territorial production system underwent considerable transformation. However, new forms of territorial development must now be considered in order to ensure that it can adapt to the continuous changes in the business environment. This paper is divided into four parts. First, it is important to set out the economic context in which the canton of Neuchatel has evolved in recent decades. Second, we have considered the various business promotion measures undertaken by the canton and the Confederation. This leads us to the third part, which describes the transformation of the territorial production system. As for the fourth and last part, it describes the new strategic directions that the canton of Neuchatel can pursue in the field of economic development.     

Short notices on books received

Catalogue of Watermarks in Italian Printed Maps ca. 1540–1600. By David Woodward. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0 226 90727 9. Pp. 206, illus. US$65.00 (cloth).

Editing of Early Historical Atlases: Papers Given at the Twenty‐Ninth Annual Conference on Editorial Problems. University of Toronto, 5–6 November 1993. Edited by Joan Winearls. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. ISBN 0 8020 0623 X Pp. xvii, 199. US$39.95 (cloth). [University of Toronto Press, 10 Mary Street, Suite 7000, Toronto, Ontario M4Y 2W8.]

The Mapping of the Heavens. By Peter Whitfield. London: The British Library, 1995. ISBN 0 7123 04029. Pp. x, 134, illus. STG£20.00 (cloth).

Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map. By Paul D. A. Harvey. London: Hereford Cathedral and the British Library, 1996. ISBN 0 7123 0440 1 (cloth), 0 7123 0441 X (paper). Pp. 58, illus., 36 colour plates. STG£25.00 (cloth).

Rural Images: Estate Maps in the Old and New Worlds. Edited by David Buisseret. The Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., Lectures in the History of Cartography. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press for the Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography, 1996. ISBN 0 226 07990 2. Pp. xii, 184, illus, 8 colour plates. US$55.00 (cloth).

Teaching Concepts in the History of Cartography. Proceedings of the Seminar on Teaching the History of Cartography III, Held at the Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Austria, September 10, 1995. Edited by Ferjan Ormeling and Barend Köbben. Utrecht: ICA, 1996. Pp. 41. US$10.00 (paper). [Ferjan Ormeling, Geography Department, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, 3582 CS Utrecht, Netherlands.]

Pedro Reinel me Fez: A volta de um mapa dos Descobrimentos. By Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral. Lisbon: Quetzal Editores, 1995. ISBN 972 564 238 4. Pp. 184, illus, colour plates.

Le Terrain des Ingénieurs; La cartographie routière en Wallonie au XVIlIe siècle. By Marcel Watelet, with Berthold Neefs, Anne Cherton, Sandra Lago, Olga Manin, Guy Franchi‐mont and Guy Thewes. Monumenta Cartographica Walloniae, II. Racine: Mer, 1995. ISBN 2 87386 047 2. Pp. 231, illus., coloured plates (cloth). [Ministère Wallon de l'Equipement et des Transports, Topographie et Cartographie, W.T.C. Tour 3, Bd Simon Bolivar 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium.]

The Printed Maps of Devon: County Maps 1575–1837. By Kit Batten and Francis Bennett. Tiverton: Devon Books, 1996. ISBN 0 86114 900 9. Pp. xxviii, 248, illus., coloured plates. STG£45.00 (cloth). [Halsgrove, Halsgrove House, Lower Moor Way, Tiverton Business Park, Tiverton, Devon EX16 6SS, England.]

Civil War Newspaper Maps: A Historical Atlas. By David Bosse. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. ISBN 0 8018 4553 X. Pp. x, 162, illus. US$42.00 (cloth). [The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2713 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218–4319, USA.]

A particular discourse concerninge the greate necessitie and manifolde commodyties that are likely to grow to this realme of Englande by the westerne discoueries lately attempted, written in the yere 1584., by Richarde Hackluyt of Oxforde, known as discourse of western planting. Edited by David B. Quinn and Alison M. Quinn. Hakluyt Society extra ser. no 45. London: Hakluyt Society, 1993. ISBN 0 904180 35 2. Pp. xxxi, 229, illus. STG£95.00 (cloth). [The Hakluyt Society, c/o Map Library, The British Library, Great Russell St, London WC1B 3DG, England.]

A Study in Depth of 143 Maps Representing the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. By Albert Ganado and Maurice Agius‐Vadalà. Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group, 1994. ISBN 99909 0 050 7. Volume I, pp. xxiii, 502, and Volume n, pp. ix, 369, 156 illus, coloured plates (cloth). [Publishers Enterprises Group, PEG Building, UB7 Industrial Estate, San Gwann SGN 09, Malta.]

Chizu No Bunkashi, a Cultural History of Maps and Charts in the World and Japan. By Kazutaka Unno. Tokyo: Yasaka Shobo, 1996 (in Japanese). ISBN 4 89694 673 1. Pp. xxiv, 175, illus., 8 colour plates. YEN 3,708 (cloth). [Yasaka Shobo, 1–5‐3 Sarugaku‐cho, Chiyoda‐ku, Tokyo 101.]

The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross‐cultural Commensurability. By Michael T. Bravo. Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology No. 2. Manchester: Department of Anthropology, University of Manchester, 1996 (paper). ISSN 1362 3559. Pp. 36, illus. [Department of Social Anthropology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL.]

Atlantes Austriaci: Kommentierter Katalog der Österreichischen Atlanten von 1561 bis 1994. Edited by Ingrid Kretschmer and Johannes Dörflinger. 2 vols.: Vol. 1: 1561–1918. By Johannes Dörflinger and Helga Hühnel in co‐operation with Ludvík Mucha (in 2 parts); Vol. 2: 1919–1994. By Ingrid Kretschmer. Wien [etc.]: Böhlau Verlag, 1995. ISBN 3 205 98369 6 (3 parts.). Pp. lviii, 852, illus. (Vol. 1 in 2 parts.); pp. xlv, 405, 32 colour plates (Vol. 2). ÖS 2,534, DM362 (doth). [Böhlau Verlag, Sachsenplatz 4–6, A‐1201 Wien.]

Japanese Maps of the Edo Era. By Kazumasa Yamashita. Tokyo: Around the World Library, NTT Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha, 1996. ISBN 4 87188 614 X. Pp. 220, 95 illus. YEN 1700 (paper).

La cartographie au Québec 1760–1840. By Claude Boudreau. Sainte‐Foy: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1994. ISBN 2 7637 7350 8. Pp. xi, 270, illus. (paper). [Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Cité Universitaire, Sainte‐Foy, Québec, Canada G1K 7PA.]

The Mapping of North America: A List of Printed Maps 1511–1670. By Philip D. Burden. Rickmansworth, Herts; Stamford, Connecticut: Raleigh Publications, 1996. ISBN 0 9527733 0 9. Pp. xxxiv, 568, 418 illus., 11 colour plates. US$195 (cloth). [Raleigh Publications, PO Box 16910, Stamford, CT 06905.]

Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea 1763–1803. By Robert S. Weddle. College Station: Texas A &; M University Press, 1995. ISBN 0 89096 661 3. Pp. xv, 352, illus. US$49.50 (cloth).

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682–1762. By Robert S. Weddle. College Station: Texas A &; M University Press, 1991. ISBN 0 89096 480 7. Pp. xii, 435, 26 illus. US$49.50 (cloth). [Texas A &; M University Press, Drawer C, College Station, Texas 77843–4354.]

Maps as Prints in the Italian Renaissance: Makers, Distributors &; Consumers. By David Woodward. Panizzi Lectures 1995. London: The British Library, 1996. ISBN 0 7123 4502 7. Pp. 127, illus. STG£16.00 (paper).

El mapa de España. Siglos XV‐XVIII. By Agustín Hernando. [Madrid]: Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, 1995. ISBN 84 7819 067 8. Pp. viii, 255, illus., colour plates (doth).

Terra Cognita. Studien zur römischen Raumerfassung. By Kai Brodersen. Spudasmata Band 59. Hildesheim, Zürich and New York: George Olms, 1995. ISBN 3 487 10008 8. Pp. 354, illus. DM 74.00 (paper). [George Olms, Hagentorwall, D‐31134 Hildesheim, Germany.]

The Furthest Shore: Images of Terra Australis from the Middle Ages to Captain Cook. By William Eisler. Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1995. ISBN 0 521 39268 3. Pp. xii, 180, illus., colour plates.

The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones geográficas. By Barbara E. Mundy. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0 226 55096 6. Pp. xxii, 281, illus., 8 colour plates. US$40.00, STG£31.95 (cloth).

L'abrogation des privilèges fiscaux et ses antécédents. La lente maturation du cadastre thérésien au duché de Luxembourg (1684–1774). By Claude de Moreau de Gerbehaye. Collection histoire in‐8. No. 90. Bruxelles: Crédit Communal, 1994. ISBN 2 87193 199 2. Pp. viii, 609. [Crédit Communal, Boulevard Pacheco 44, 1000 Bruxelles.]

La Gallería delle Carte geografiche in Vaticano. By Lucio Gambi, Marica Milanesi and Antonio Pinelli. Modena: Franco Cosimo Panini, 1996. ISBN 88 7686 653 1. Pp. 156, 63 illus. IL. 38,000 (paper). [Franco Cosimo Panini, 41100 Modena, Viale Corassori 24, Italy.]

Marinai, mercanti, cartografi, pittori. Ricerche sulla cartografía nautica a Venena (sec. XIV‐XV). By Piero Falchetta. Offprint from Ateneo Venety 182 (1995), 7–109.

Battista Agnese, Atlante (1554–1556). Ms.Marc.It.IV, 62 (=5067). L'immagine del mondo ai tempi di Magellano. Compiled by Piero Falchetta. Palinsesti. Collana di facsimili della Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana di Venezia 1. Venezia: Canal Multimedia, 1996. (CD‐Rom and book, Italian and English.) ISBN 88 86936 00 1. Pp. 199 (paper). [Canal Multimedia, Santa Croce 2180, Venezia 30135, Italy. E‐mail: mulmedia@mbox.vol.it.]

Ortelius Atlas Maps: An Illustrated Guide. By Marcel P. R. van den Broecke. ‘t Goy: HES Publishers, 1996. ISBN 90 6194 308 6. Pp. 308, illus. Hfl 125.00 (cloth). [HES Publishers, Westrenen, Tuurdijk 16, 3997 MS ‘t Goy, The Netherlands.]

Cartes et plans imprimés de 1564 à 1815: Collections des bibliothèques municipales de la région Centre; Notices de la base BN‐OPALINE. By Béatrice Pacha et Ludovic Miran. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France/Agence interprofessionnelle régionale pour le livre et les médias, 1996. ISBN 2 7177 1962 8 (BNF); ISBN 2 908180 18 9 (AGIR). Pp. 330, illus., colour plates. FF 345.00 (paper).

Carte marine et portulan au XIIe siercle: le ‘Liber de existencia riveriarum et forma maris nostri Mediterranei’ (Pise, circa 1200). By Patrick Gautier Dalché. Collection de l'École Franaise de Rome 203. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1995. ISSN 0223 5099, ISBN 2 7283 0335 5. Pp. xi, 308 (paper).

Des chiffres et des cartes: naissance et développment de la cartographie française au XIXe siècle. By Gilles Palsky. Mémoires de la section de géographie 19. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 1996. ISBN 2–7355–0336–4. Pp. 331, illus., colour plates. FF200 (paper). [Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris.]     

Chinese Secret Societies and Popular Religions Revisited: An Introduction

It has been over forty years since Jean Chesneaux published his edited volume Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China,and some twenty years since David Ownby and Mary Somers Heidhues published their edited volume Secret Societies Reconsidered.