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991.
992.
993.
In the last two and a half decades there have been many advances in the technology available to archaeologists. As new technologies
have been used to challenge previously held hypotheses and expand the capabilities of current research, they also have assisted
the expansion of archaeology to include conflict archaeology. Although there has been a long history of interest in the material
remains of conflict, it is only recently that the necessary tools, methodology, and theoretical approaches have been combined
to allow serious scientific contributions to the holistic study of past human conflict. This article provides an overview
of the origins of conflict archaeology and research that has helped consolidate the subfield into its present form. We examine
the current state of conflict studies and consider what lies ahead for conflict archaeology. 相似文献
994.
Claude Chapdelaine 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2011,19(2):191-231
The discovery of the royal tombs at Sipán in 1987 propelled Moche archaeology to the forefront of Andean studies. In the last
decade, the study of Moche political organization and ideology through public architecture, cultural remains, funerary patterns,
and iconography has forced the revision of previous conceptions about Moche state formation, urbanism, and the functioning
of this complex society. Major advances in iconography, internal organization of urban centers, temples and domestic architecture,
craft production, and mortuary patterns are embedded in a new chronology that supports a longer development and a more gradual
collapse. The recognition of Moche as the first state in South America is still valid, but its monolithic character is rejected
in favor of several autonomous polities. The number and size of potential Moche states are currently debated, as is the role
of warfare and ideology in Moche state formation. 相似文献
995.
Thomas D. Hall P. Nick Kardulias Christopher Chase-Dunn 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2011,19(3):233-279
Many archaeologists have used world-systems analysis in precapitalist settings. Some have criticized it; others have dismissed
it out of hand. Critiques include that it was developed for the “modern” world, that it is overly economistic, that it neglects
individual actors, and that it inappropriately uses modern analyses in ancient settings. Although there is some validity to
these charges when applied to Wallerstein’s original formulation, most are misdirected. The critiques are rooted in inattention
to the last three decades of work on world-systems, especially modifications made with the explicit intention to make world-systems
analysis useful in precapitalist settings. Newer comparative versions of world-systems analysis were initially developed to
better understand the evolution of world-systems that gave rise to the modern world-system. These new advances are useful
for the study of interregional interactions and long-term development. Archaeologists are well placed to contribute to the
further development of world-systems analysis; they can shed light on ancient world-systemic processes and the origins of
the modern world-system, provide empirical backing for hypotheses, and raise new theoretical and empirical questions. 相似文献
996.
Antonio Castillo Gómez 《European Legacy》2011,16(5):615-631
This article is a study of the survival of scribal culture in nineteenth-century Spain in the form of the so-called ‘memory books’ (libros de memorias). I analyse their relationship with the educational developments of the period, as well as the material characteristics and the content of these texts, in order to define their typical features. These texts were the products of hybrid writing practices, in the sense that several elements were frequently superimposed on one another: economic news, personal, family and social events and even historical details. Hence the similarity between the memory books and other genres such as account books (libros de cuentas) and family books (libros de familia). Lastly, I will examine some nineteenth-century examples as epigones of a writing genre which had its origins in the later Middle Ages and Early Modern period.
“One morning, while tidying up the bedroom, Rosa opened the drawer in the trunk where Cholo kept his papers. There she found the papers about the property and, in a corner, together with the Family Book and the social security booklet, the papers from the bank […]. And she was about to put it away when it occurred to her to take off the elastic band around the big folder which Cholo had kept from his time in Switzerland. There were things, names and so on that she didn’t understand, but in the middle there were also some of the cards she had sent from Aran.”1 相似文献
997.
Stephen A. Brighton 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(1):30-50
This study illustrates the materialization of identity shifts through refined ceramic and glass forms recovered from working
class Irish immigrant and Irish-American communities. The sites used in this article were chosen because of their spatio-temporal
compatibility covering dynamic periods of Irish identity in the United States. Historians argue that 1880 marks the beginning
of an identity shift from Irish immigrant to Irish-American. This research attempts to provide the necessary materials to
begin a discourse bringing together material and historical evidence illuminating the conflict between competing ideologies
of respectability and changing conceptions of Irish identity in America. 相似文献
998.
Gerrit Leendert Dusseldorp 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):224-255
Stable isotope analysis is increasingly used to gain insight in the configuration of Pleistocene ecosystems. The application
of isotope analysis to Neanderthal and cave hyena bone assemblages has led to hypotheses about the niche differentiation between
these species. Comparing isotopic data with archaeozoology analyses shows discrepancies between the results of both analytical
methods. Here, the results of all northwest European stable isotope studies on Neanderthals are reviewed. The emphasis of
the analysis is on a sample of sites from MIS 4-3 in southwest France. Causes of the discrepancy between archaeozoological
and stable isotope results are discussed and hypotheses reconciling the data are proposed. Recommendations for further research
will allow testing of the hypotheses and increase our understanding of the functioning of Pleistocene ecosystems. 相似文献
999.
Prudence M. Rice 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):481-508
In the viceroyalty of Peru, Spanish authorities imposed several mechanisms to try to establish Christian social order among
the colonists and dwindling indigenous populations, two of which were encomienda and reducción. The implementation of these and other policies and practices is examined using a case study in Moquegua, a colonial periphery
in far southern Peru: the encomienda of Cochuna and the reduction site of Torata Alta. Incomplete knowledge of local conditions left the area vulnerable to social
and religious disorder: overlapping boundaries, contested jurisdictions, and competing interests. Further historical archaeological
consideration of such disorder can illuminate local impacts of colonialism. 相似文献
1000.
Social and economic factors significantly influenced grave-marker choice in southern California cemeteries during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. Gradual changes in the American way of death since Victorian times underwent punctuated shifts in
mortuary attitudes, commemoration practices, and funerary materials following moments of extreme social and economic duress.
While the form of gravestones slowly evolved from large monuments to smaller flush markers during the late 1800s and early
1900s, they collectively experienced a pronounced shift during the 1920s, reflecting American responses to the devastating
human losses of World War I and the 1918–19 influenza pandemic. Financial conditions directly affected decisions regarding
those materials selected to mark the deceased as well. Although overall trends reveal that granite gravestones gradually replaced
marble as the marker of choice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pronounced fiscal struggles during the
1907 Bankers’ Panic and the Great Depression were evinced in distinct surges in less expensive marble and metal grave markers. 相似文献