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111.
The Old and the New: Qualifying City Systems in the World with Classical Models and New Data 下载免费PDF全文
Robin Cura Clémentine Cottineau Elfie Swerts Cosmo Antonio Ignazzi Anne Bretagnolle Celine Vacchiani‐Marcuzzo Denise Pumain 《Geographical analysis》2017,49(4):363-386
Zipf's rank‐size rule, lognormal distribution, and Gibrat's urban growth models are considered as summarizing fundamental properties of systems of cities. In this article, they are used as statistical benchmarks for comparing the shapes of urban hierarchies and evolutionary trends of seven systems of cities in the world including BRICS, Europe, and United States. In order to provide conclusions that avoid the pitfalls of too small samples or uncontrolled urban definitions, these models are tested on some 20,000 urban units whose geographically significant delineations were harmonized in each country over 50 years between 1960 and 2010. As a result, if the models appear not always statistically valid, their usefulness is confirmed since the observed deviations from empirical data remain limited and can often be interpreted from the geohistorical context of urbanism proper to each world region. Moreover, the article provides new free software which authorizes the reproducibility of our experiments with our data bases as well as with complementary data. 相似文献
112.
This paper considers the “share‐altering” technical change hypothesis in a spatial general equilibrium model where individuals have different levels of skills. Building on a simple Cobb‐Douglas production function, our model shows that the implementation of skill‐biased technologies requires a sufficient proportion of highly educated individuals. Moreover, when technical progress disproportionately replaces middle‐skill jobs, the local distribution of skills will exhibit “fat‐tails,” where the proportion of both highly skilled and low‐skilled workers increases. These and several other predictions of the model are consistent with recent existing evidence, and avoid some major criticism against the “canonical” CES framework. 相似文献
113.
John Stachel 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2005,126(2):353-365
As the sobriquet «Zweistein» suggests, within the theoretical physics community Wolfgang Pauli came to be regarded as second in eminence only to Albert Einstein. Over a period of thirty-five years, they interacted both intellectually and personally. This paper focuses on four interrelated topics of their discussions. 1) The theory of relativity: at the age of twenty, Pauli prepared the definitive survey of relativity, a survey which he revised near the end of his life and which remains invaluable to physicists and historians of physics. 2) Unified field theories: although initially sympathetic to Einstein's search for a unified theory of electromagnetism and gravitation, and having made important contributions to the subject, Pauli came to regard such efforts as fruitless. 3) Foundations of quantum mechanics: Pauli's negative evaluation of Einstein's program grew out of their sharply differing evaluations of the role that quantum mechanics would play in the future, development of theoretical physics. 4) Quantum gravity: Pauli recognized that, until the achievement of a successful reconciliation of quantum mechanics and general relativity — an achievement that still eludes us — Einstein's challenge to quantum mechanics could not be laid to rest. 相似文献
114.
Gianrinaldo Carli was a central figure in the origin of the Milanese Enlightenment of the late eighteenth century. Carli's political career as well as his works connected him both to the mid-century reforms by Pompeo Neri and to the times of Beccaria and the Verri brothers—the heyday of Lombard intellectual life in Europe. Not originally from Lombardy, but from the Venetian periphery, Carli became an erudite scholar of witchcraft and magic and an influential functionary of the Habsburg administration in Milan. He remains most famous for his works on money and his contributions to the journal Il Caffè. Most of his later political writings, which were widely circulated in Italy following the American Revolution, originated in debates with Pietro Verri over the nature of Natural Law, of the Social Contract, and the relationship between patriotism and cosmopolitanism. They illustrate key aspects of Lombard political culture of the 1780s: a culture that was critical of Rousseau, trustful of the reformist experience and supportive of Enlightened Absolutism. Within this context, Carli's works have traditionally been difficult to place. 相似文献
115.
Antonio Vázquez-Barquero 《European Planning Studies》2006,14(6):753-772
The paper discusses the development of peripheral cities and regions in a world where economic integration is growing. The paper argues that the development of peripheral cities and regions depends on their development potential and accessibility to markets. Their sustainable development, however, lies in the functioning of the forces of development: the organization of the productive system, the diffusion of innovation, the territory's urban development and the change and adaptation of the institutional system. These are forces that govern the economic growth process, generate externalities, and reduce production costs through reciprocal interaction. The paper's discussion is based on the analysis of the dynamics of the city of Vigo in Galicia, a peripheral region of the European Union. 相似文献
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118.
John Kantner 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(1):37-81
In the 1970s and 1980s, regional analysis was an influential part of archaeological research, providing a discrete set of
geographical tools inspired by a processual epistemological and interpretive perspective. With the advent of new technologies,
new methods, and new paradigms, archaeological research on regional space has undergone significant changes. This article
reviews the state of regional archaeology, beginning with a consideration of its history and a discussion of the fundamental
issues facing regional investigations before focusing on developments over the last several years. On one hand, the diversification
of archaeological theory has created new paradigms for thinking about human relationships with one another and with the physical
environment across regional space; in this regard, historical ecology, landscape archaeology, and evolutionary theory have
been particularly influential in recent years. This has led to a corresponding diversification of the traditional methods
of regional analysis. Most notably, the advent of powerful digital technologies has introduced new tools, especially those
from the geographic information sciences, that build on the quantitative methods of past approaches. The investigation of
regional data is no longer based on a discrete toolkit of simple mathematical and graphical procedures for representing spatial
relationships. Instead, regional archaeology has matured into a diversity of multiscalar spatial and geostatistical techniques
that inform many areas of archaeological inquiry. 相似文献
119.
Yaroslav V. Kuzmin 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(2):163-221
This article focuses on the presence of humans in Siberia and the Russian Far East at the coldest time of the Late Pleistocene,
called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and dated to c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp. Reconstruction of the LGM environment of Siberia,
based on the latest models and compilations, provides a background for human existence in this region. Most of Siberia and
the Russian Far East at c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp was covered by tundra and cool steppe, with some forest formations in the river
valleys. Climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Eighteen Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia are radiocarbon dated
strictly to the LGM, and at least six of them, located in southern parts of western and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far
East, have solid evidence of occupation during that time span. It seems clear that southern Siberia was populated by humans
even at the height of the LGM, and that there was no dramatic decline or complete disappearance of humans in Siberia at that
time. The degree of human adaptation to periglacial landscapes in the mid-Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia was quite
high; humans coped with the cold and dry environmental conditions using microblade technology, artificial shelters, tailored
clothes, and megafaunal bones as fuel.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
120.
R. Alan Covey 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(3):287-338
During the Late Intermediate period (LIP, c. A.D. 1000–1400), the central Andes experienced the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku
states, as well as processes of state formation, regional population growth, and competition culminating in the imperial expansion
of the Chimú and Inka polities. The LIP holds the potential to link the archaeological features of early Andean states with
the material signatures of the later ones, providing a critical means of contextualizing the intergenerational continuities
and breaks in state structures and imperial strategies. The recent proliferation of LIP research and the completion of a number
of regional studies permit the overview of six LIP regions and the comparison of highland and lowland patterns of political
and economic organization, social complexity, and group identity. 相似文献