The Cradle of Thought: Growth,Learning, Play and Attachment in Neanderthal Children

Childhood is a core stage in development, essential in the acquisition of social, practical and cultural skills. However, this area receives limited attention in archaeological debate, especially in early prehistory. We here consider Neanderthal childhood, exploring the experience of Neanderthal children using biological, cultural and social evidence. We conclude that Neanderthal childhood experience was subtly different from that of their modern human counterparts, orientated around a greater focus on social relationships within their group. Neanderthal children, as reflected in the burial record, may have played a particularly significant role in their society, especially in the domain of symbolic expression. A consideration of childhood informs broader debates surrounding the subtle differences between Neanderthals and modern humans.     

A Dynamic Spatial Weight Matrix and Localized Space–Time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average for Network Modeling

Various statistical model specifications for describing spatiotemporal processes have been proposed over the years, including the space–time autoregressive integrated moving average (STARIMA) and its various extensions. These model specifications assume that the correlation in data can be adequately described by parameters that are globally fixed spatially and/or temporally. They are inadequate for cases in which the correlations among data are dynamic and heterogeneous, such as network data. The aim of this article is to describe autocorrelation in network data with a dynamic spatial weight matrix and a localized STARIMA model that captures the autocorrelation locally (heterogeneity) and dynamically (nonstationarity). The specification is tested with traffic data collected for central London. The result shows that the performance of estimation and prediction is improved compared with standard STARIMA models that are widely used for space–time modeling. En los últimos años, se han propuesto diversas especificaciones de modelado estadístico para describir procesos espacio‐temporales. Esto incluye el modelo espacio‐temporal autorregresivo integrado de media móvil (STARIMA) y sus varios derivados. Estas especificaciones de modelo asumen que la correlación de los datos puede ser adecuadamente descrita por parámetros que se fijan a nivel global en el espacio y/o tiempo. Dichos parámetros son inadecuados para los casos en los que las correlaciones entre los datos son dinámicas y heterogéneas, como en el contexto de los datos de la red. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la autocorrelación en los datos de red con una matriz de ponderación espacial dinámica y un modelo STARIMA localizado (LSTARIMA) que captura la autocorrelación local (heterogeneidad) de forma dinámica (no estacionariedad). La especificación del modelo es evaluada con datos de tráfico recolectados en el centro de Londres. Los resultados demuestran que los rendimientos de estimación y predicción mejoran con el método propuesto en comparación con los modelos STARIMA estándar que son ampliamente utilizados para el modelado de espacio‐temporal. 通过设定多种统计模型来描述地理时空过程已提出多年,包括时空自回归移动平均(STARIMA)及其变形。此类模型通过假设数据相关性可由在时间域或者空间域上全局不变的参数加以充分描述。因此,上述模型不适用于具有动态或异质相关性的数据,如网络数据。本文试图采用一个动态空间权重矩阵与局部时空自回归移动平均(LSTARIMA)模型来描述数据的自相关程度,以此捕捉局域自相关(异质性)和动态自相关(非平稳性)。以伦敦市中心的交通数据作为模型的实证案例的测试结果显示,相对于广泛应用于时空过程分析的标准STARIMA模型,本文的模型在参数估计和预测性能上均有提升。     

The Scouring of the Shire: Fairies,Trolls and Pixies in Eco-Protest Culture

Environmental protest in Britain in the 1990s flourished with the growth of the direct action movement. A distinctive culture of protest emerged, particularly in response to the construction of new roads, with its own radicalised spirituality known as ''eco-paganism.'' One feature of the movement was the adoption of a fairy mythology as a significant belief narrative. This article gives examples of this mythology, showing how it was expressed, and demonstrates that it produced three responses: outright rejection; a symbolic identification with fairies; and/or literal belief. This last position was given credence by occasional phenomenological encounters with otherworldly beings, examples of which are given. The article concludes that, whether literal or symbolic, the belief in fairies helped protesters make sense of their struggles, hardships and occasional successes.     

Deconstructing Spatial Planning: Re-interpreting the Articulation of a New Ethos for English Local Planning

This article reviews recent debates about the emergence of “spatial planning” as a new ethos for English planning, suggesting that continued uncertainty around the term's use is partly caused by a failure to consider its emergence as the product of a contested political process. Drawing on an interpretive approach to policy analysis, the article goes on to show how this new organizing principle is a complex articulation of different and potentially contradictory reform impulses. The result is to destabilize the concept of spatial planning, showing how it has been constructed as an “empty signifier”, an unstable and tension-filled discursive stake in an ongoing politics of reform. Finally, it is argued that this has significant implications for the ways in which implementation success and failure should be understood and for analysis of planning reform initiatives and systems more widely.     

Roland Barthes: Phenomenon and myth

Brown, A., Roland Barthes: The Figures of Writing (Oxford, Clarendon, 1992), 303pp., £35.00. ISBN 0 198 15171 3

Moriarty, M. Roland Barthes (Cambridge, Polity, 1991), 255pp., £10.95. ISBN 0 745 60456 0     

Book review

R.K.I. Quested, Sino‐Russian Relations: A Short History. George Allen & Unjvin, Sydney, 1984, pp. 194. $22.95 (cloth), $10.95 (paper).

Jonathan Steele, The Limits of Soviet Power: The Kremlin's Foreign Policy — Brezhnev to Chernenko. Revised and updated edition. Penguin Books Australia, Ringwood, Vic., 1984, pp. xii + 290. $8.95.

Joseph L. Nogee and Robert H. Donaldson, Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II. Second edition. Pergamon Press, New York, 1984, pp. vii + 352. No price given.

Jiri Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934–1938. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1984, pp. 253. $74.95.

Robert V. Daniels, Russia: The Roots of Confrontation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1985, pp. xiii + 411. No price given.

Wolf Mendl, Western Europe and Japan Between The Superpowers. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 181. $31.95.

G. Flynn and H. Rattinger, The Public and Atlantic Defense. Rowman and Allanheld, and Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp. xviii + 398. No price given.

The United Nations Library and the Graduate Institute of International Studies, The League of Nations in Retrospect. Walter de Gryter, Berlin, 1983, pp. xii + 427. $74.70.

T.B. Millar with Robin Ward (eds), Current International Treaties, Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 558. $59.95.

Susan Strange (ed.), Paths to International Political Economy. George Allen Unwin, London, 1985, pp.xi + 209. $45.00 (cloth), $17.95 (paper).

Andrew J. Pierre (ed.), Europe‐America: vol 2, Unemployment and Growth in the Western Economies. Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1984, pp x + 142. $US5.95.

D.K. Forbes and P.J. Rimmer (eds), Uneven Development and the Geographical Transfer of Value. Human Geography Monograph 16, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1984, pp. xiii + 297. $12.00.

B.A. Santamaria, Daniel Mannix, The Quality of Leadership. Melbourne University Press, 1984, xi + 272, $27.50.

Stuart Harris (ed.), Australia's Antarctic Policy Options. CRES Mongraph 11. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1984, pp.xxi + 412. $15.95.

Ramesh Thakur, In Defence of New Zealand: Foreign Policy Choices in a Nuclear Age. Pamphlet No. 46, New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, Wellington, 1984, pp.164. $NZ9.95.

Paul G. Lewis (ed.), Eastern Europe: Political Crisis and Legitimation. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 202. $33.95.

George Sanford, Polish Communism in Crisis. Croom Helm, London and Canberra; St Martin's Press, New York, 1983, pp. 249. $27.50.

Eva Kolinsky, Parties, Opposition and Society in West Germany. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 357, $37.95.

Romuld J. Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940–1980. C. Hurst, London, 1983, pp. xvi + 333. $29.95.

Anthony Hyman, Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964–83. Second Edition. McMillan, London, 1984, pp. 247. $18.95.

David Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch. Second edition. Faber and Faber, London and Boston, 1984, pp. 475. $29.95.

Ritchie Ovendale, The Origins of the Arab‐Israeli Wars. Longman, New York, 1984, pp. v + 232. $16.70.

Juliana Peck, The Reagan Administration and the Palestinian Question: The First Thousand Days. Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, 1984, pp xi + 138. $US7.00.

Institute for Palestine Studies, The Karp Report (an Israeli Government Inquiry into Settler Violence against Palestinians on the West Bank). Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, 1984, pp. 90. $US3.95.

Mohamed Heikal, Autumn of Fury. Deutsch, London, 1983, pp. 290. $19.95.

Anthony Payne, The International Crisis in the Caribbean. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1984, pp. 177. $29.95.

Anthony Payne, Paul Sutton and Tony Thorndike, Grenada: Revolution and Invasion. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 233. $35.95.

Ian Hancock, White Liberals, Moderates and Radicals in Rhodesia 1953–1980, Croom Helm, London and Sydney; St Martin's Press, New York 1984, pp. 230. $31.95.

A.J.Christopher, Colonial Africa. Croom Helm, London and Canberra; Barnes & Noble Books, New Jersey, 1984, pp. 232. $39.95.

T.B. Millar. South African Dilemmas. Canberra Studies in World Affairs No. 17. Department of International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra, 1983, pp. 82 $7.00.

J.K. Cilliers, Counter‐Insurgency in Rhodesia. Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp. 266. $33.95.

R.J. May and Francisco Nemenzo (eds), The Philippines After Marcos. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1985, pp. 239. $35.95.

F. Poole and M. Vanzi, Revolution in the Philippines: the United States in a Hall of Cracked Mirrors. McGraw‐Hill, New York, 1984, pp. 357. $US18.95.

Community Aid Aboard, The Third World War. The Philippines Front. Community Aid Abroad, Melbourne, 1984, pp. 51, plus Study Guide (pp. 24). $5.00, $2.00.

A.W. McCoy, Priests on Trial, Penguin Books Australia, Ring‐wood, Vic., 1984, pp. xii + 239. $6.95.

David K. Wyatt, Thailand — A Short History. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1984, pp. xviii + 350. $US27.50.

Leslie Russell Oates, Populist Nationalism in Prewar Japan: A Biography of Nakano Seigo. George Allen & Unwin Australia, Sydney, 1985, pp. 135. $14.95.

Robert W. Barnett, Beyond War. Japan's Concept of Comprehensive National Security. Pergamon‐Brassey's International Defence Publishers, Washington, 1984, pp. xv + 155. $21.00 (cloth), $14.00 (paper).

Stephen D. Cohen, Uneady Partnership: Competition and Conflict in U.S.‐Japanese Trade Relations. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, Mass., 1985, pp xvi + 228, $67.00.