抗战时期台湾拓殖株式会社对广东、海南的经济侵掠

进入日据后期(1931-1945年),附属于日本的台湾殖民地经济体系基本形成,台湾成为日本向中国东南沿海地区进行经济侵掠的重要基地.与侵华日军的直接经济掠夺相比,日本殖民者利用近代垄断企业进行经济掠夺的方式较为隐蔽.为配合日本对中国经济资源的掠夺,台湾总督府于1936年推动设立了台湾拓殖株式会社(简称"台拓").随后,在台湾总督府及侵华日军的共同支持下,台拓对中国广东、海南等地实施了一系列经济侵掠.日军占据广东、海南后,其经济侵掠的重点在于对广州、汕头等沿海地区近代工业的掠夺和物资的严格统制,以及对海南岛物产资源的"开发".在此一过程中,台拓起到极为重要的"作用".台拓攫取了大量的经济资源,充当了日本侵华战争的经济帮凶,具有鲜明的殖民侵略性质.     

《西域闻见录》异名及版本考述

本文通过对《西域闻见录》不同版本的分类、对比和考证,认为该书最早的书名和版本并非传刻最广的《西域闻见录》,而是《异域琐谈》。     

Simulation of Shake Table Tests on Out-of-Plane Masonry Buildings. Part (III): Two-Step FEM Approach

ABSTRACT

This article presents numerical simulations of two full-scale masonry structures which were tested on the shaking table within the scope of the workshop “Methods and challenges on the out-of-plane assessment of existing masonry buildings”. The numerical models have been developed on the basis of the blind-prediction models which have been improved after the publication of the test results. The solution procedure is divided into two steps with separate numerical simulations for each one. In the first step the collapse mechanism of the structure is determined by means of pushover analysis using a continuum, plasticity-based model. In the second step the dynamic response of the structure is simulated using a multibody model approach and frictional contacts. Results of the tests show reasonable, yet far from perfect predictive capabilities of the used numerical methods.     

中国历代宗教治理的得失镜鉴

治理与管理一字之差,体现的是系统把握、刚柔并济、综合施策、互利双赢。中国历代宗教治理不仅包括政府刚性的宗教管理,还包括整个社会柔性的礼乐教化;宗教治理不仅包括针对宗教的一套规则,而且包括社会的政治经济管理制度;宗教治理不仅指政府的管理,也包括宗教组织的自治;宗教治理的手段不仅是控制、引导、操纵,还包括对话、辩论、汇通;宗教治理的结果并非简单的支配与服从,更多的是理解与配合。具体内容包括:对宗教“敬而远之”的治理理念;多元宗教和谐并存又不一家独大;礼乐教化引导外来宗教中国化;保持政教关系的适度张力;经济上控制宗教发展的适度规模;政府管理与僧团自治结合运用;防范境外宗教引发的国家主权危机。     

故宫院藏缂丝挂屏中染料的快速筛查分析

缂丝文物珍贵,保存要求高,受环境的影响容易发生脆损和褪色,为染料的鉴定带来极大的挑战。利用超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术结合UNIFI天然产物库对故宫毓庆宫惇本殿“长”字缂丝挂屏中的染料进行分析,不同颜色的丝线经优化后的两步萃取法剥色后,利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)分析,并采用天然产物库对结果进行筛查,能够快速鉴定出该缂丝挂屏中的黄色“长”字是由黄檗染色的,红色“绵”字是红花和黄檗共同染色所得,蓝色的托背布和青色的背纸是靛蓝染色而成的。利用该方法对染料进行研究能够大大提高染料分析的效率,及时为修复工作提供科学依据,并为文物的合理展陈和保存提供指导。     

Bringing Order from the Chaos of Names,Texts and Nature: Collection and Translation of Chinese Materia Medica in Nineteenth-Century Britain

Paying attention to the research of Daniel Hanbury (1825–75), whose scientific practice revolved around names, languages and their translations of Chinese materia medica, this article discusses the centrality of names development of drug knowledge in nineteenth-century Britain. Along with the collection of material specimens, names both in transliteration and in Chinese characters were gathered locally through correspondence networks. On the other hand, names within older texts that had hitherto remained disparate were reclaimed by the nineteenth-century effort to consult and collate earlier accounts of each item. As such, the collection, identification and translation of names constituted an integral part of the process of making Chinese materia medica recognizable within a new system of universal scientific knowledge. Hanbury’s extensive efforts collating and streamlining numerous names demonstrates that the early makings of scientific drug knowledge relied heavily upon a series of textual practices and peculiar modes of knowledge brokerage that straddled distant points of time and space.     

清末苏南厘金征收的基层实态与区域市场结构

厘金制度是近代重要的商税制度,影响着商品经济和市场发展。晚清苏南地区的厘金征收实态可以复原,进而可以梳理征收名目及各类征收模式。征税模式并不完全以商品划分,而是有多种选择,既便于商人据自身情况选择缴纳,又保证官方尽可能多收款项,以此平衡两者关系。以厘卡为对象进行ArcGIS泰森多边形分割,分析苏南地区的市场空间结构,结果显示,清末苏南厘卡半径范围为5.56—6.67千米,府局半径范围为16.45—21.93千米。基于府级厘局与厘卡所生成的泰森多边形差异,与施坚雅模式条件下的区域市场分析不尽相同,这种差异源于区域市场内空间载体属性的差别,部分反映“厘金局的地方市场问题”的空间特征。     

大遗址价值评估体系研究

古遗址是重要的一种文化遗产形态,大遗址则是具有中国特色的一种与文化历史价值、行政管理、政府决策密切相关的保护对象。显然大遗址的价值判定和评估是这一特殊对象有效保护的基础。本文通过国内外评估体系的比较分析、国内资料、现状的调研分析,确立评估要素,进而结合价值评估体系构架的方法,对我国大遗址价值评估体系进行了初步研究。     

A study of limestone from the Longmen Grottoes of Henan province,China by neutron activation analysis

The Longmen Grottoes, also known as the Longmen Caves or Dragon's Gate Grottoes, are located near the city of Luoyang, Henan province, China. The grottoes were carved into the limestone cliffs during the period from 493 AD to 1130 AD. Limestone samples from different areas within the grottoes were analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA) to determine the concentrations of major, trace and rare-earth elements (REEs). Three compositional groups were identified corresponding to different areas within Longmen Grottoes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on a few samples to obtain information about the mineral structure. The results indicate that rocks in the northern area are comprised of dolomite, while rocks in the middle and southern areas are comprised of limestone. The NAA results provide information useful for identifying and relocating fragments from the grottoes that may have lost their identity. The compositional data also provides important clues regarding the geologic history of the limestone formation at Longmen.     

Inelastic Demand Spectra of Bi-Linear Models for Capacity Spectrum Method and Response of Simple Structures under Near-Source Records

A very useful tool for the preliminary design of structures is the elastic demand spectrum that can be used in the capacity spectrum method. A pseudo-acceleration relationship has to be assumed when constructing a demand spectrum. This assumption results in large errors for long period structures with large damping ratios and the conventional demand spectra require a substitute elastic structure. In the present study, the conventional demand spectra are extended to bi-linear models. Pseudo-acceleration is still assumed but results in acceptably small errors, when a constant viscous damping coefficient for a single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) structure is calculated from the tangent stiffness and the damping ratio is set at 5% in both elastic and yield phases. For nonlinear structures, tangent stiffness dependency of damping force could be acceptable because energy absorption is primarily the result of structural nonlinear deformation. To extend the conventional demand spectra to a bi-linear model, effective period calculated from the secant stiffness has to be used. The use of effective period introduces no approximation because the peak displacement of the SDF structure is computed from nonlinear analysis in the time domain. The method presented in this study is also valid if damping coefficient proportional to initial elastic spectra is used. In this case, the pseudo-acceleration is defined as the base shear coefficient that is required to produce the peak displacement of the SDF structure in a static manner. We present demand spectra of bi-linear models for a number of near-source records from large earthquakes, and spectral ratios of two horizontal components. The effects of different types of ground motion on the response reduction factor due to inelastic deformation are investigated.