Asymmetric Encounters in Native Canada

Occasionally in recent decades, relations between the Canadian state and particular Native communities have spiralled into open confrontation and violence. While such instances reflect the failure of conciliatory or decolonizing politics within a liberal–democratic milieu, scholarship has barely begun to analyze these events in a systematic fashion. This article applies to long-standing questions about political behaviour to the study of Native-state relations in Canada. By this, the authors particularly mean the dynamics of Native peoples' mobilization and institutional engagement. Examining several recent cases of open confrontation, this article looks for the basic circumstances in which violence arises, and how confrontation alters internal political dynamics in Native communities.     

Archaeo-environmental study of the Almas river: mining pollution and the Cerrado biome in the end of the nineteenth century in Mid-Western,Brazil

This article proposes to understand the environmental impacts of a gold mining exploration in the Cerrado biome or Brazilian Savanna at the end of the nineteenth century in Mid-Western, Brazil. Firstly, the Cerrado biome is described according to perceptions about the ecological characteristics, ecological researches conducted, and mainly according to the ecosystem of the Pireneus mountains our area of research. Secondly, the historical mining impacts of nineteenth century are presented through reflections on the mining techniques of gold exploration, and through the environmental consequences of metal concentration in the area. Finally, the eco-archaeological study of the soil samples from the Almas river area in Mid-Western Brazil is demonstrated, as well as, the interpretation about the emergency of historical pollution patterns.