Local and regional income differences in Finland in 1989 to 1997 — a GIS approach

Income differentials among the population of Finland began to widen in the latter half of the 1990s, as reflected in a geographical analysis based on 1 × 1 km grid cell data produced by Statistics Finland, where the most densely populated cells are seen to have lower mean income levels than the others, and the spatial differences in income level within the large towns and cities are seen to have increased. The income differentials between grid cells are fairly stable and the majority of the cells can be classified as representing the middle income bracket in terms of incomes subject to state taxation. Accurate geo-referenced data of this kind enable observations to be made concerning income differentials which would remain obscured if only administrative areal units such as local government districts were used.     

Hafted armatures and multi-component tool design at the Micoquian site of Inden-Altdorf,Germany

Excavation of the Micoquian site Inden-Altdorf (Weisweiler-124) near the former German capital Bonn in western Germany has revealed the first valid open-site habitation features with hut-like structures and associated hearths for the Middle Palaeolithic in Central Europe. It has been dated to the Eemian interglacial (OIS 5e), a warm interglacial between 128 and 115 ka BP. Various wear traces and especially organic residues have been detected on a large number of stone tools using microscopic use-wear analysis of lithics recovered from the site. A multi-level analysis developed through an experimental framework and archaeological study using optical light microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and energy-dispersive X-ray microprobes identified the adhering residues as birch pitch. Birch pitch is the oldest synthetically produced material and was used as an adhesive to attach lithic implements to wooden shafts. While such hafting technology is commonly associated with modern humans in the Upper Palaeolithic, the birch pitch residues found on the Micoquian tools of Inden-Altdorf suggest that hafting technologies and the frequent use of multi-component tools already existed in the Middle Palaeolithic, c. 120 ka BP in central Europe.     

Book Reviews

EVELINE CRUICKSHANKS, ed. Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759. New Jersey: Humanities Press, Inc., 1982. Pp. 231. $31.50 (US). Reviewed by Charles L. Hamilton

STUART A. COHEN. English Zionists and British Jews. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982. Pp. 349. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Alfred Gollin

DAVID BATES. Normandy Before 1066. London: Longmans, 1982. Pp. xxx, 287. $13.95 (US). Reviewed by T.A. Sandquist

RICHARD C. FRUCHT. Dunarea Noastra: Romania, the Great Powers and the Danube Question. 1914–1921. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Pp. ix, 216. $22.50 (US). Reviewed by R.J. Crampton

MONIKA RICHARZ. Judisches Leben in Deutschland: Selbstzeugnisse zur Sozialgeschichte, 1918–1945. New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1982. Pp. 495. Reviewed by John S. Conway

ALAN EDELSTEIN. An Unacknowledged Harmony: Philo-Semitism and the Survival of European Jewry. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. xii, 235. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Joseph Shatzmiller

LOUIS L. SNYDER. Louis L. Snyder's Historical Guide to World War II. Westport, Conn., and London, England: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. xii, 838. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen

GEORGE ALEXANDER LENSEN. Balance of Intrigue: International Rivalry in Korea and Manchuria, 1884–1889. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1982. 2 vols. Pp. xvii, 476; and vi, 508. $62.50 (US). Reviewed by Hilary Conroy

T.H. LLOYD. Alien Merchants in England in the High Middle Ages. Brighton and New York: Harvester Press and St. Martin's Press, 1982. Pp. 253. $28.00 (US). Reviewed by G.D. Ramsay

JOHN L. BULLION. A Great and Necessary Measure: George Grenville and the Genesis of the Stamp Act, 1763–1765. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1982. Pp. xiv, 317. $24.00 (US). Reviewed by Ian Mugridge

WILLIAM WOODRUFF. Impact of Western Man: A Study of Europe's Role in the World Economy, 1750–1060. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982. Pp. xvii, 430. $25.50 (US) cloth; $14.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Glen R. McDougall

JACK STOKES BALLARD. The Shock of Peace: Military and Economic Demobilization after World War II. Washington, D.G.: University Press of America, Inc., 1983. Pp. x, 259. $23.50 (US), paper $11.75 (US). Reviewed by Lawrence Aronsen

PATRICK BEESLEY. Room 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914–18. London: Hamish Hamilton, Ltd., 1983. Pp. 315. £9.95. Reviewed by Ewen Montagu

ERNST BREISACH. Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. Pp. xii, 487. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Arthur Marwick

LIANG HENG AND JUDITH SHAPIRO. Son of the Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983. Pp. xii, 301. $19.50 (US). Reviewed by David P. Barrett

LOUIS A. PEREZ, JR. Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983. 32.95 (US). Reviewed by David Healy

SYLVIA LEITH-ROSS. Stepping Stones: Memoirs of Colonial Nigeria 1907–1960. New Jersey: Humanities Press, Inc., 1983. Pp. 189. $21.00 (US). Reviewed by John Flint

MICHAEL JABARA CARLEY. Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1983. Pp. xiii, 265. $30.00 (Can.). Reviewed by Ioannis Sinanoglou

KARL ERICH BORN. International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries, translated by Volker R. Berghahn. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. Pp. 353. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Ronald A. Shearer

ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK. The Frankish Kingdom under the Carolingians, 751–978. London and New York: Longman, 1983. Pp. 414. $19.95 (US). Reviewed by Donald E. Queller

CLIVE H. CHURCH. Europe in 1830. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983. Pp. xiii, 210. $28.50 (US). Reviewed by Agatha Ramm     

Sociopolitical crisis and the reconstruction of sustainable periurban agriculture in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

This article examines the effects of the post-2002 sociopolitical crisis in Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire, on urban and peri-urban agriculture. Based on the case study of Abidjan, it argues for a conceptualization of sustainability that includes social as well as environmental dimensions and focuses on coping strategies of producers and merchants. In Abidjan, these strategies included internal migration within the city and its periphery, the use of organic fertilizers, and changes in market structure. The study illustrates how such strategies allowed producers to continue to supply produce to the market, despite the difficulties of war.