Survey and Experimental Investigation of Movable Fire Loads in Japanese-Style Wooden Historical Buildings

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the movable fire loads and the characteristics of combustible materials in Japanese-style wooden historical buildings via field surveys and cone calorimeter experiments. Twenty-one historical buildings with 102 rooms and a total floor area of 2235.06 m² were surveyed to determine the movable fire load. Strong correlations among fire load density, compartment floor area, and spatial use are found in this survey. The mean values of the movable fire load density in decreasing order in terms of room use are storeroom (431.38 MJ/m²), study room (298 MJ/m²), bedroom (294.88 MJ/m²), reception room (287.20 MJ/m²), and dining room (217.11 MJ/m²), providing fire engineering design with a reliable fire load setting in various types of rooms in historical buildings.     

Assessment of the Permeability of Historical Defensive Systems: the Case of the Lines of Torres Vedras

As the largest part of military usage of the territory depends on a thorough analysis of its morphology, spatial analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software reveals a great potential as a way for studying battlefields and/or other military buildings and scenarios from the past, while supporting interpretations of territorial occupation and related organization of military forces through event simulation. This paper presents a GIS-based method to model and assess the permeability of historical defensive systems from the period that preceded the mechanization of warfare of the late nineteenth century, i.e., based on artillery installed in fortifications. The method was applied to analyze the permeability of the Lines of Torres Vedras (LTV) defensive system, a multi-line fortification complex which was operational during the Peninsular War in the beginning of the nineteenth century and located north of Lisbon, Portugal. The structures of the LTV and local terrain were modelled in GIS using a set of proposed parameters that support territorial analysis, combined with the capability of contemporary weaponry. A methodical quantification and combination of these parameters enabled a better understanding of the systemic design of the defensive lines in terms of its permeability, contributing to a discussion of the LTV particular military setting based on the interpretation of these indicators. Global and sectorial analyses of the permeability of the LTV defensive system were conducted.     

The Development Authority and the formative years of the Israeli land regime

The history of Israel’s land allocation regime is traced from its inception in the formative years (1948–60), focusing on distribution of urban land to private and business entities. Rich archival materials provide documentation regarding the Development Authority (DA), established in 1950, and its practices. The prohibition on selling “national lands,” zealously observed in Israel’s rural regions, was never closely adhered to in urban areas. The DA’s double role, as a major actor in land allocation as well as the institution representing the “rules of the game,” serves as a platform for a preliminary examination into institutional path dependency theories.     

对夏商分界的一点看法

从夏商文化在夏商之际地域分布的变化看,夏商分界当在南关外型商文化第一、二组之间。二里头四期晚段文化是最晚阶段的夏文化,其绝对年代没有进入早商。     

From culture for the people to culture for profit: the PRC’s journey toward a cultural industries approach

This paper seeks to explore the internal driving forces behind the emergence and prosperity of China’s cultural industries. The paper traces the Chinese Communist Party’s radical transformation from stressing the class stand and ideological nature of culture to concluding with the concept of ‘cultural industries’ so as to expand an orthodox Marxist/Leninist/Maoist notion of culture. The Chinese party-state legalizes ‘cultural industries’ by extending the market mechanism into the cultural arena, and acknowledges the triple statuses of culture as a public service provider, a market profit contributor, and an essential builder of the ‘socialist core value system.’ By doing so, the Chinese Party-state is able to take advantage of the economic power of the market while retaining the ideological control function of culture. As such, cultural industries become a mode of governance for the CCP to maintain cultural security and national identity, and a source of soft power to maneuver.     

胡汉民的立法思想与立法实践

1 92 8年南京国民政府建立后 ,胡汉民以孙中山先生“遗教”代言人身份 ,坚持旧三民主义 ,充分阐述了自己的建国、立法主张。他提出“以党治国”的训政纲领 ,奠定了南京国民政府的宪政基础 ;借鉴西方以个人利益为本位的经济立法原则 ,结合中国传统的“仁恕公平”的思想 ,提出“王道主义”的社会经济立法原则 ;还提出了男女平等、妇女解放等民法、继承法的立法主张。在 1 92 8——— 1 931年担任立法院院长期间 ,完成了立法院的组成框架 ;任用高水平的立法委员 ;主持制定了大量的新法典、厘定了旧的法律、法规。他为南京国民政府六法体系的形成及中国近代法律体系的完备作出了建设性的贡献。     

翠华山水湫池及其附近崩塌堆积形成年代探疑

通过对相关史料的分析,论证了翠华山主景区崩塌堆积不可能是唐天宝年间地震诱发山崩形成的。通过实地考察,认为这些崩塌堆积不是同时发生,而是多期崩塌活动的结果,并且崩塌活动又都发生在水湫池被堰塞成湖之后。因此,水湫池不可能是唐代的地震山崩形成的。