60年代的社会主义教育运动

毛泽东在 2 0世纪 60年代发起的社会主义教育运动 ,对于中国历史的向“左”走向产生了极大的影响。毛泽东开展社教运动 ,是以比较谨慎的态度开始的 ,但在毛泽东提出在全党宣讲两个十条后 ,阶级斗争被放到了第一位。而后刘少奇视察大江南北又提出了反右倾 ,使社教运动再升温。与此同时也引起了毛泽东、刘少奇之间的矛盾和分歧 ,使社教运动曲折复杂起来     

改革开放前广东省出口商品生产基地建设的历史考察

建立出口商品生产基地,是改革开放前党和政府为了解决出口货源问题、促进对外贸易的发展而采取的一项方针政策,多次载入中央的文件,相关政策沿革和实践发展有一个从探索到推广,在受冲击和破坏后恢复与发展的历程。在中央作出决策和进行全国性规划之前,毗邻港澳、供应港澳市场任务重的广东省,初步探索并建立了一些出口商品生产基地;基地建设工作在全国范围内铺开后,广东省继续承担探索实践的角色和发挥主力军作用。透过对广东省的个案研究,可以从一个局部观察中国出口生产基地的历史发展,并有望深化对相关历史问题的认识。     

也谈《条例》的精神实质和鲜明特点

本文将《地方志工作条例》（以下简称《条例》）与“两个通知”进行对比分析,指出二者的区别,并进一步阐述了《条例》的精神实质和鲜明特点。《条例》对地方政府的职责作出明确规定,对地方志工作机构作出科学的定位,对地方志工作机构的职责作出明确规定。作者认为《条例》以国务院令的形式颁布是我国方志史上的空前之举,使新编地方志工作从此走上了法治的发展轨道。     

明清时期文峪河流域的植被状况与环境变迁——以山西省交城县方志为中心的解读

区域史研究是近年来历史研究的热点,历代地方志编撰中大量记载了各地区不同的自然生态条件和人文社会生活,为开展区域史研究提供可能。明清以来山西省交城县地方志书中记载的关于自然、社会等方面的丰富资料,为研究文峪河流域的植被状况与环境变迁奠定了基础。本文通过对交城县地方志书的解读,以入口、资源、环境三个方面的变化为视角,对区域环境变迁进行考察。     

土族过春节

春节是中华民族的传统佳节,也是土族人民最为隆重、最为热闹的节日。每逢春节前二十多天土族人就着手准备,腊月初八以后,村里络绎不绝地开始宰杀年猪年羊,宰猪的家庭要请上邻里和家族里的青壮年男子来互相帮忙。还要邀请家族里的老人在主人家吃肉饮酒,提前庆祝一番,并将煮好的肉给家族里的每家送去一份,表示过"红年"。     

Methods and Approaches for Blind Test Predictions of Out-of-Plane Behavior of Masonry Walls: A Numerical Comparative Study

ABSTRACT

Earthquakes cause severe damage to masonry structures due to inertial forces acting in the normal direction to the plane of the walls. The out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls is complex and depends on several parameters, such as material and geometric properties of walls, connections between structural elements, the characteristics of the input motions, among others. Different analytical methods and advanced numerical modeling are usually used for evaluating the out-of-plane behavior of masonry structures. Furthermore, different types of structural analysis can be adopted for this complex behavior, such as limit analysis, pushover, or nonlinear dynamic analysis.

Aiming to evaluate the capabilities of different approaches to similar problems, blind predictions were made using different approaches. For this purpose, two idealized structures were tested on a shaking table and several experts on masonry structures were invited to present blind predictions on the response of the structures, aiming at evaluating the available tools for the out-of-plane assessment of masonry structures. This article presents the results of the blind test predictions and the comparison with the experimental results, namely in terms of formed collapsed mechanisms and control outputs (PGA or maximum displacements), taking into account the selected tools to perform the analysis.     

Long-term land-use changes in small/medium-sized cities. Enhancing the general trends and local characteristics

Small and medium-sized cities represent the backbone of the European territory, promoting cohesion and an economic base for development. The study compares the spatial and temporal trajectories of land use in three small/medium-sized cities located in central Portugal, between 1958 and 2011. The cities of Viseu, Leiria and Castelo Branco were chosen because they are located in different urban sub-systems and because of the different factors that frame their alterations in land use, occupation and consequent urban development. The research evaluates the transformations, supported by indicators to explain the spatial dynamics of losses and gains and a principal component analysis compares the land-use trajectories for the three cities. The general results reveal an increase from the central part of the study areas to the periphery, contrasting with a continuous decrease of the agricultural parts, illustrating peri-urbanization and rururbanization processes. The study allows identification of the dynamics in the three analysed areas, highlighting the different rhythms of change and relating them to the particularities that exist in each city. The methodology represents an advantage for the analysis and evaluation of territorial dynamics related to land-use change, and made possible the identification of the different forces.