Reevaluating the Relationship Between In‐, Out‐, and Net Migration for Nonmetropolitan Counties: An Update on Beale's U‐Shaped Curve

The relationship of gross migration to net migration is continuously undergoing reevaluation in the literature. However, one major finding by Beale (1969) that produced the famous u‐shaped curve has received little attention, a surprising situation considering the significant changes that have taken place in rural America since 1969. In this paper I use gross migration data from IRS returns for 1995–1998, and differentiate the rates using a number of classification schemes developed by the USDA and the Census Bureau. The results show that rural America is a diverse place, and that migration rates vary tremendously depending on the geographic, economic, and social characteristics of the county. Furthermore, the relationship between gross and net migration varies much more than previously suggested, especially in negative net migration counties, a finding with implications for migration theory and public policy.     

Amsterdam in the Red Queen's Country: Interorganizational coordination and EU‐local interaction in spatial planning and policy

This study tests alternative models of EU policy evolution, using the municipality of Amsterdam's interaction with the EU as a pilot case. Amsterdam's activities in European resource acquisition and developing EU policy are reviewed, and the coordination structures concerting these activities are analysed and evaluated. Conclusions are: Local‐EU interaction is mainly sectoral, undertaken at local line agencies’ initiative, with little intersectoral coordination; networking is the universal medium of local — EU interaction, dismissing the intergovernmental model in favour of a modified communautarianism; interorganizational networks linking EU institutions to their environments imply a growing supranationalism with significant implications for European integration.     

Methods of Mapping and Identifying Small Clusters of Rare Diseases with Applications to Geographical Epidemiology

Geographical variation operates at a variety of scales. Methods of mapping variation in disease incidence between different countries or even counties are relatively well developed. When, however, the question relates to much smaller aggregations (that is, “clustering”), attention has mainly been restricted to areas near putative point hazards; the majority of cases are excluded from such an investigation. In this study we show how clustering may be investigated and displayed in such a way that it becomes a powerful tool in epidemiological research. As examples we use incidence data from the Yorkshire health region for selected childhood cancers and adult haematopoietic malignancies. The methods would readily extend to any small clusters of rare events.