Asamjñām akarot — Cyavanas rache: Zu MBH. 3, 122, 13f

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Comparing Outsourcing Patterns in Domestic and FDI Manufacturing Plants: Empirical Evidence from Spain

To fully understand the local linkages of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plants, we argue it would be useful to analyze the outsourcing patterns of such plants in comparison to domestic plants. Consequently, we examined 1031 industrial plants, both domestic and foreign, located in Spain. The FDI plants show patterns similar to those of domestic plants with regard to the level of outsourcing, the incidence of outsourced production on the companies’ total sales and the economic content of outsourcing relationships. Further, our results show that levels of embeddedness in the local and regional economy of FDI plants are not significantly different from domestic plants. However, FDI plants are highly concentrated spatially in the largest industrial agglomerations. For such plants, Barcelona not only seems a preferred site for location but also for contracting manufacturing tasks.     

The Spatial Patterns of Networks,Hierarchies and Subsidiaries

This article reviews evidence and arguments linking the networking behaviour of firms with geographic distance, before examining the spatial relationships of electronics firms in the three major electronics centres in Spain. The focus is on the spatial pattern and extent of different types of inter-firm relations. Based on the analysis of 184 surveyed establishments, displaying different ownership and organization characteristics, the results show that while regional linkages are important, significant extra-regional linkages are also maintained by firms in regional clusters. The spatial extent of linkages depends on the mode of relations; arm's length, network and hierarchy relations show different spatial patterns, as do different types of cooperation. The importance of extra-regional linkages also varies with firm- and plant-specific characteristics. Extra-regional linkages are more common among larger and more R&D-intensive firms, firms with greater presence in the rest of the country and firms with more experience of cooperation and more stable relationships.     

Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic,Mauritania

This paper examines the dynamics of the Neolithic occupation of the Dhar Tichitt region, southeastern Mauritania. On the basis of certain ecological constants, the growth cycle of plants, animal behaviour and patterns of settlement, the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic system appears to have been scheduled according to the seasonal availability of the most critical resource: water.

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Résumé Dans cet article, nous nous attelons à l'analyse de la dynamique de l'occupation néolithique de la région du Dhar Tichitt, située en Mauritanie sud-orientale. Cette analyse est effectuée à partir de certaines constantes du milieu écologique, du cycle de croissance des plantes exploitées, du comportement des animaux chassés et élevés et enfin de la structure de l'implantation de sites. Sous ces differents éclairages, le système néolithique du Dhar Tichitt paraît s'être structuré par rapport à la disponibilité saisonnière de l'eau, qui était alors la ressource critique.

     

Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy

The debate on West African metallurgies cannot be properly understood without reference to the colonial template that featured Africa as the receiving partner in all crucial social, economic, and technological development. The interesting debate that took place in West Africa during the Colonial Period was more meta-theoretical than factual. These conflicting glosses, despite their lack of empirical foundations, have constrained the nature of archaeological research and oversimplified the dynamics of the many facets of technological innovation. The relative boom in archaeological research that took place from the 1960s onwards resulted in an exponential growth of factual information. Challenging evidence has emerged from Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Togo, and Senegal. The picture that emerges from this survey calls for more sophisticated explanations for the origins of West African metallurgies away from the single non-African source hypothesis.     

The rôle of transport in firms' spatial organization: evidence from the Spanish food processing industry

This paper explores the role of transport in the spatial organization of food processing firms in Spain. A framework is developed through the analysis of the various mechanisms by which transport affects firms, and the identification of key elements and recent trends in spatial firm organization. Empirical evidence from interviews suggests that with modern logistic strategies transport is becoming more important. In a time‐based competitive environment, transport plays an important role in efforts to reduce delivery times, and increase reliability and flexibility in deliveries, as well as customer responsiveness. Not only does transport influence firms' location decisions, but also by adjusting to transport improvements firms are found to reconfigure their spatial organization.     

Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)

In this paper, an attempt is made to fit together various kinds of data related to the process of the formation of the Ghana empire, the earliest West African state. An overview of research on this topic outlines some of the major problems concerning state formation in this region. This is followed by a discussion of the key politicoeconomic features and their dynamic relations in the process of social differentiation. The use of this theoretical framework helps to make sense of the Dhar Tichitt archaeological record. After careful examination of the prehistoric data, it seems that, before the advent of the Ghana empire, trends towards state formation were already in motion in the Dhar Tichitt region     

位于尼姆鲁德遗址的亚述那西尔帕二世的卡拉克西北宫殿中的新亚述浅浮雕彩绘．慕尼黑的研究成果

路德维格一世在1825—1848年间任巴伐利亚的国王,1863年他从尼姆鲁德遗址获得了7个浅浮雕艺术品。最近进行的对这些浮雕作品的修复使得其上残留的原始彩绘重新被人们发现,本文讨论了对这些原始彩绘面貌进行重现的可能性及存在的相关问题。