Ethnic minorities and the planning system in Britain and Sweden

This article, based on a questionnaire survey among planning authorities in Britain and Sweden, compares the sensitivity of the planning systems to the needs and aspirations of ethnic minorities. It also examines how ethnic disadvantage and discrimination impinge upon the working of the planning system. Despite different histories of immigration and politics of 'race', planning practice in both countries is notably devoid of widespread evidence of efforts to make the planning system more sensitive to the needs of ethnic minorities. Moreover, the current political uncertainty with regards to immigration and immigration policies inhibits such efforts. Nevertheless, there are differences in detail between the two countries which it is argued reflect differences in planners' professional organization and political mobilization among ethnic minorities.     

A NEW SPATIAL MULTIPLE DISCRETE‐CONTINUOUS MODELING APPROACH TO LAND USE CHANGE ANALYSIS

This paper formulates a multiple discrete‐continuous probit (MDCP) land use model within a spatially explicit economic structural framework for land use change decisions. The spatial MDCP model is capable of predicting both the type and intensity of urban development patterns over large geographic areas, while also explicitly acknowledging geographic proximity‐based spatial dependencies in these patterns. At a methodological level, the paper focuses on specifying and estimating a spatial MDCP model that allows the dependent variable to exist in multiple discrete states with an intensity associated with each discrete state. The formulation also accommodates spatial dependencies, as well as spatial heterogeneity and heteroskedasticity, in the dependent variable, and should be applicable in a wide variety of fields where social and spatial dependencies between decision agents (or observation units) lead to spillover effects in multiple discrete‐continuous choices (or states). A simulation exercise is undertaken to evaluate the ability of the proposed maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) approach to recover parameters from a cross‐sectional spatial MDCP model. The results show that the MACML approach does well in recovering parameters. An empirical demonstration of the approach is undertaken using the city of Austin parcel level land use data.     

前掌大墓地性质辨析

本文在对过往认识辨析的基础上,通过对前掌大墓地年代的重新检视以及墓地性质的再分析,指出前掌大墓地并非学界一般认为的薛国遗存,而应是"史"国墓地,其很可能是商末弃商投周的殷遗"史"族在西周早期的封国。     

学术自由与制度保障——以中央研究院为例

民国时期的中央研究院,从创制思想、机构设置到制度运行,逐步形成了一套较为完备和运行良好的学术自由制度体系.这样的安排,使中央研究院成为近代中国充分尊重学术自由,并予以制度保障的典范.但是,由于国民政府的干预,加上各种因素的影响,中央研究院事实上所能维护和保障的,也只能是院内的一片"自由"的天空.     

古村落旅游开发的公共管理问题研究

与其它遗产地不同的是,古村落首先是生活着的村落,原住民及其生活是古村落的核心,这不仅导致古村落旅游目的地资源产权公私交错及其开发管理的复杂化,也使旅游开发利益主体及其利益诉求多元化。古村落的特殊属性决定了古村落旅游开发管理的特殊性和国家有关主管部门介入实施公共管理的必要性。本文从公共管理的视角,对古村落基本属性、古村落旅游地开发保护中公共管理问题的界定,以及实施公共管理的机制途径等问题进行分析。得出以下结论,古村落旅游地现状问题的核心是多方利益主体的利益诉求与社区核心利益之间的矛盾,政府为主导的公共管理对古村落旅游地开发管理具有不可替代的作用,制度约束与规范管理是现阶段古村落旅游地政府治理的重要途径。     

Chemical profiling of a 130-year-old manuscript reveals the early use of synthetic lead white correction fluid in ancient China

In practice, correction fluid to mask text errors has been continuously in demand since papers began to be predominantly used since the late fourth century AD in ancient China. However, research on the trajectory of correction fluid composition has been largely overlooked and has not been revealed currently. In this study, a multianalytical approach was used to investigate a thin whiteout layer, used as correction fluids applied in 1890, on a book page from the famous Imperial Encyclopedia (1726 bronze-type repaint version). The results showed that the white layer was composed of hydrocerussite ((PbCO₃)₂·Pb (OH)₂) in mixture with plant oil and a tiny portion of calcium carbonate, which had been applied to conceal the originally printed Chinese characters upon which they were rewritten in preparing photographic negatives for reprinting using photolithography. The analysis results also suggest that lead white was likely domestically made using a local lead ore source by the wet synthetic process. Considering the prolonged use of orpiment (As₂S₃) as a correction fluid ingredient in Chinese tradition, a trajectory to lead white suggests not only advances in pulping and papermaking technology but also a shift in cultural habits and aesthetic psychology in the late Qing Dynasty.