Inscrire le pouvoir municipal dans l'espace urbain: la formation du réseau des pares à Montréal et Toronto, 1880–1940

Comment le réseau des pares urbains, ce précieux legs constitué en majeure partie entre la fin du 19e siècle et le milieu du 2CP siècle, s'est‐il forméà Montréal et Toronto? Est‐il possible de dégager un pattern d'implantation des pares et plus globalement des espaces de loisir qui nous renseignerait sur les logiques ayant présidéà leur aménagement? En reconstituant le processus de formation de tels réseaux entre 1880 et 1940, cet article met aujour certaines des caractéristiques de l'intervention des administrations montréalaise et torontoise dans le secteur des loisirs urbains et plus largement dans le développement de la ville. Autant que des espaces récréatifs, les pares peuvent être considérés comme des lieux par l'intermédiaire desquels le pouvoir municipal, en plein développement à cette époque, a cherchéà marquer le tissu urbain de sa présence, a se déployer dans l'espace. Plus qu'un travail d'aménagement physique, l'aménagement des pares représente ainsi un travail de structuration politique. Cet article presente ce double processus de structuration du territoire montréalais et torontois: d'abord sur le plan physique, en reconstituant comme les réseaux des pares se sont déployés dans l'espace urbain des deux villes; puis sur le plan politique, en examinant la manière dont les autorités locales vont considérer le problème et les modalités de leurs interventions. How was the system of urban parks, a treasured legacy of the end of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries, formed in Montreal and Toronto? Is it possible to discern a pattern regarding the creation of parks and leisure spaces in general that would enlighten us on the principles of their management? By retracing the development of this network between 1880 and 1940, this article identifies certain traits characterizing Montreal and Toronto municipal governments with regard to their policies in the urban leisure sector, and more generally, the cities' growth. In addition to being recreational spaces, parks may also be seen as a medium through which emerging municipal powers sought to make their mark on the urban fabric, to increase their visibility in the city. Therefore, park management was more than a simple administrative question: it also served a broader goal of fashioning political structures. This article describes both facets of territorial development in Montreal and Toronto: on a geographical/material level, by retracing the process through which a network of parks was incorporated into the urban landscape of both cities; and on a political level, by examining way in which local authorities conceived of this process and planned their actions.     

'Creating a Place to Belong': Girls' and Boys' Hut-building as a Site for Understanding Discourses on Childhood and Generational Relations in a Norwegian Community

The empirical focus of this article is children's huts as a particular place for constructions of identities and peer relations among children in a Norwegian local community. Building huts can be seen as children's construction of special places during childhood. Often these places are seen as secret places, reflecting a separate 'children's culture' developed within a particular microcosm. I argue that the social practices developed among girls and boys are related in complex ways to local cultural practices and the construction of gendered generational relations in the community. The title 'Creating a place to belong' refers not only to children's attachment to particular physical places, but also to children's place within a field of age-related as well as inter-generational relations.     

LOCAL CHANGES IN LINGUISTIC BALANCE IN THE BILINGUAL ZONE: FRANCOPHONES DE L'ONTARIO ET ANGLOPHONES DU QUÉBEC

The issue of minority populations and linguistic change for anglophone and francophone groups in Quebec and Ontario is very important, affecting relationships between the groups and individual perceptions of social power. This paper begins an analysis of linguistic change in the transition or contact zone of bilingualism along the Quebec-Ontario border in the period 1961-86. Written in both languages, it describes changes in absolute numbers and percentage share of the total population of the minority group, anglophones in Quebec and francophones in Ontario. It defines regions of change, and, combining the two measures in a series of graphs, shows levels of change at the local level.
La géographie des populations anglophone et francophone àľintérieur de la zone de transition que constituent ľEst ontarien et le Sud du Québec a sensiblement changé au cours des derniers trente ans. Cet article, rédigé dans les deux langues, décrit ces changements àľéchelle locale sur la base de la comparaison des donnees sur la langue maternelle des recensements del 961 et de 1986. Ľétude identifie les municipalités où les changements dans les nombres au sein des populations minoritaires ont été les plus significatifs ainsi que celles ù ces changements ont le plus affecté le rapport minorité-majorité. Elle met en lumière certains profils de changement et décrit les caractères ethno-linguistiques et géographiques des localités qui en sont représentatives. Elle permet, enfin, de comparer ľévolution des populations franco-ontarienne et anglo-québécoise & ľéchelle locale.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this Article: Jim Obelkevich, Lyndal Roper, Raphael Samuel, eds, Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy. John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. Susan Mosher Stuard, ed, Women in Medieval History and Historiography. Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, transl. Jean Birrell. Sara Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women: Three Studies. Alice Browne, The Eighteenth Century Feminist Mind. Helen Callaway, Gender, Culture and Empire: European Women in Colonial Nigeria. Claudia Knapman, White Women in Fiji 1835-1930: The Ruin of Empire?…. Marilyn Lake, The Limits of Hope: Soldier Settlement in Victoria 1915-38. Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: the Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence. Helena Whitbread, ed, I Know My Own Heart. The Diaries of Anne Lister 1791-1840 Zuzanna Shonfield, The Precariously Privileged. A Professional Family in Victorian London. Tierl Thompson, ed, Dear Girl. The Diaries and Letters of Two Working Women 1897-1917. Yamila Azize, La Mujer en la Lucha (The Woman in Struggle) (2nd revised ed.).     

THE CRADLE TO THE GRAVE: ENGLISH OBSERVATION OF IRISH SOCIAL CUSTOMS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Abstract

In seventeenth-century cheap print on supernatural themes, the reader is often struck by gaps, silences, and things that do not quite add up. The article explores ways of reading between the lines to expose and perhaps make sense of these discontinuities. It asks what cultural work is performed by the supernatural in such texts, and speculates on the uses served by ghosts, fairies and demons both in the self-representation of subaltern, often female, individuals and in the textual strategies of the pamphlet writers.     

Emprise et déprise de l'agriculture sur le territoire de l'est de l'Ontario de 1826 à 2006: la dimension environnementale

Agricultural land‐cover changes in Eastern Ontario from 1826 to 2006: environmental effects. Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry (SDG) counties, Eastern Ontario, are among the first areas in Ontario to welcome settlers. In 1784, they established themselves in a forested land where wetlands are very important. Today, a large part of the wetlands has disappeared, but the landscape is wooded, masking the radical changes that took place over the course of the last two centuries. Analysis of census data from 1826 to 2006 allows the reconstruction of the history of land‐cover changes. It reveals the nature and rates of change for which a first analysis is presented. Four periods are identified. First, agriculture conquers the land and establishes its dominance. A plateau is reached in 1891 as agriculture maintains its supremacy until 1941. Then, as fast as agriculture invaded land, it fades away until 1986 when agricultural land‐cover stops shrinking. The opening of forest for cultivation was relatively slow in SDG because of biophysical and socio‐economical conditions associated with an absence of growth of agricultural population. Deforestation and wetland drainage led to a degradation of agricultural life but resulted in consideration of the environment in agriculture. Today, wooded and agricultural land covers are more balanced and environmental effects less acute.