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81.
SUMMARY: A standing building survey in 2001 recorded a section of the former southern wall of the West India (middle) Export Dock, in East London, built between 1803 and 1806. This revealed the extent of skilful engineering involved in construction of the wall; the main brick build incorporated a curving or banana-shaped section, both for structural stability and to accommodate the profile of ships’ hulls. This was laid onto a wooden frame, previously unrecorded, for which coniferous timbers were used, supported by a series of wooden piles, driven into the natural gravel. The wall is also the earliest known example of reinforced brickwork. This new study provides considerable additional information on the construction of the wall, and of Georgian engineering in this form. 相似文献
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IVARS REINFELDS ANDREW J. BROOKS TIM HAEUSLER SIMON WILLIAMS 《Geographical Research》2006,44(4):401-417
An understanding of the nature and magnitude of hydrological, physical habitat and physico‐chemical effects resulting from surface‐water diversions in river systems is essential for effective management of water resources. For most coastal‐draining rivers in New South Wales, however, there are few data available on irrigation diversions, their hydrological impacts and environmental effects. This paper therefore presents an analysis of mean daily surface‐water diversions for pasture irrigation from approximately three years of metered data and the resultant effects on daily flows and aquatic habitats in the Bega‐Bemboka River. The period of analysis of the hydrological effects of irrigation diversions is extended to the full length of record (approximately five years) for gauging stations most affected by irrigation diversions, using Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 (MOVE.1) modelling techniques. The annual mean, median and peak daily rates of water diversion by metered surface‐water licences used to irrigate 925 ha of dairy pasture are 10.5 Ml d?1, 7.3 Ml d?1 and 41.5 Ml d?1, respectively. Diversion effects on flow duration statistics are such that the measured 90th and 95th daily flow duration percentiles at the gauging station most affected by upstream irrigation diversions are equivalent to the 97th and 99th flow duration percentiles, respectively, under MOVE.1 modelled natural flow conditions. While diversions for irrigation over the three‐year data period account for only 6.6% of total flow volumes, diversions as a proportion of daily surface‐water inflows increase exponentially under decreasing flow rates. Median and maximum daily diversion rates attain 91% and 118%, respectively, of total surface‐water inflows to the diversion‐affected reach when upstream inflows range from 15 to 20 Ml d?1. This exponentially‐increasing relationship between daily diversion rates and declining surface‐water inflows suggests that ‘rule of thumb’ guidelines on sustainable diversion limits based on mean or median annual percentage diversion volumes need to be applied cautiously to river systems with no or limited capacity to manipulate flows to meet downstream consumptive demands. 相似文献
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ANDREW BAKER 《International affairs》2010,86(3):647-663
A growing number of respected commentators now argue that regulatory capture of public agencies and public policy by leading banks was one of the main causal factors behind the financial crisis of 2007–2009, resulting in a permissive regulatory environment. This regulatory environment placed a faith in banks own internal risk models, contributed to pro‐cyclical behaviour and turned a blind eye to excessive risk taking. The article argues that a form of ‘multi‐level regulatory capture’ characterized the global financial architecture prior to the crisis. Simultaneously, regulatory capture fed off, but also nourished the financial boom, in a fashion that mirrored the life cycle of the boom itself. Minimizing future financial booms and crises will require continuous, conscious and explicit efforts to restrain financial regulatory capture now and into the future. The article assesses the extent to which this has been achieved in current global financial governance reform efforts and highlights some of the persistent difficulties that will continue to hamper efforts to restrain regulatory capture. The evidence concerning the extent to which regulatory capture is being effectively restrained is somewhat mixed, and where it is happening it is largely unintentional and accidental. Recent reforms have overlooked the political causes of the crisis and have failed to focus explicitly or systematically on regulatory capture. 相似文献
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ANDREW BALDWIN 《The Canadian geographer》2009,53(4):427-443
This essay examines the construction of Canada's boreal forest from the point of view of critical whiteness studies. Through an evaluation of two texts—a film and a book—produced in conjunction with a 2003–2004 environmental campaign, it argues that the boreal forest is constructed as a white ethnoscape and that, as a result, boreal forest conservation comes to be associated with ‘white’ identity, although by no means exclusively so, and certainly not without significant contradictions. The essay deploys Robyn Wiegman's notion of liberal whiteness to argue that liberal white subjectivity is cultivated in these texts by its self‐conscious distancing, or disaffiliation, from colonial spatial practices. It is argued that this distancing is achieved through the active inclusion of First Nations peoples in the texts such that the boreal forest is constructed as a socio‐natural working landscape. Liberal white disaffiliation is explored through three specific tropes: inclusion, inverted racial historicism and economic partnership. 相似文献
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This article develops three themes. First, we have shown that,whilst local housing policy was channelled by government initiatives,funding patterns and local expert opinion, local political andcivic values gave rise to a policy orientation that had a significantinfluence on the lives and perceptions of public sector tenants.Secondly, we demonstrate that the tenacious hold of civic andpolitical values contributed to the Labour Partys politicaldifficulties by making it resistant to change in the 1960s and1970s, when a shift in approach was necessary to manage changingcircumstances. Finally, by exploring the impact of a constantlyreformulated local discursive and cultural tradition, we illustratethe explanatory value of a developing but still largely suggestiveconceptual approach. Studying the urban politics of post-warBritain can add to our understanding of the policy process,provide significant insights into the world of the Labour Party,and focus attention on the role of the consumer in post-warpolitics. 相似文献
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