Phineas Gage's contribution to brain surgery

In much contemporary literature the Phineas Gage case is described as contributing to the development of lobotomy and leucotomy but the historical evidence shows this to be an almost completely erroneous view. His case was, however, important in the development of brain surgery itself. I begin this paper by briefly mentioning four early cases of brain surgery and describing the Gage case. I then set out the context of the localisation debate, concentrating particularly on Broca's clinical observations, because Macewen planned the first operation on the brain in the light of Broca's findings. I then turn to that context as it was developed through Jackson's observations and Ferrier's experiments, because Bennett and Godlee used it in planning the first operation for the removal of a brain tumour. It was also in the localisation context that Starr first drew attention to the significance of the changes in Gage for localising frontal tumours. By the turn of the century, several operations had been performed on the frontal lobes and various difficulties with Starr's criteria had become apparent. The reasons for the difficulties will be brought out and I conclude with a brief discussion of the relation between the Gage case and the operations performed by Burckhardt, Moniz, and Freeman.     

战国古币的铅同位素比值研究——兼说同时期广东岭南之铅

一、引言中国所产铜、铅、锡等用于青铜生产的金属矿产原料,因各地地质条件不同,在品种和质量方面常有不同。在古代冶铸技术的历史条件下,这种差异常常使各地的青铜产品带有自己的特点。如《考工记》所载:"烁金以为刃,……郑之刀、宋之斤、鲁之削、吴越之剑,迁乎其地弗能为良,地气然也。……吴越之金锡,此才之美者。"希望今后有机会对春秋时期的青铜器物进行系统的比较实验研究,以作进一步之验证。