Galen and the ventricular system

This paper examines the anatomy and physiology, together with the pathophysiology, of the ventricular system of the brain, as it was understood by arguably its greatest exponent in Western Antiquity, Galen. According to him, the purpose of the ventricles was to elaborate, store and distribute psychic pneuma, the motive force of Galenic neurology, throughout the nervous system. However, impressive as the delineation of the ventricular system is, the details of this distribution are not forthcoming from Galen. Finally, I discuss the ventricles as the site of intellect, a notion only tentatively advanced by Galen, but cast into dogma by his successors. For all the mistakes Galen made in anatomy and physiology, the study of the ventricular system reveals a mind not dissimilar to our own.     

论《诗经》“风”的概念形成及其理念志向(上)

关于“风”可以说是含有多方面的语意,其用法也是多种多样的,现在对“风”的主要意义的理解,认为“风”是假定存在于自然界的难以捉摸的气体。恰如和空气、阳光一样,具有难以捉摸的机能和力量。但同时“风”又能带来许多好处,它能使生命充满活力,成为万物生长的原因之一,其机能具有流动无穷的作用,同时也不断地产生着影响。风除了以上固有的机能外,在人类社会发展中,它还具有教育和教化维护社会道义的积极向上以及劝导人民积德行善等作用。本文试就古代民歌六义之一（风）诗的感化作用及其移风俗、厚人伦的理念志向做进一步探讨。…     

香港出版业概况

〔编者按〕本文是本刊为迎香港回归的特约稿。作者王德厚先生是贵州省政协的香港委员,长期在香港从事出版编辑工作。本文第一部分,纵述了香港五十年代以来出版事业的发展史,第二部分介绍了香港报刊杂志的特色。资料翔实、内容丰富,分析得当,条理清晰。特此刊登,以飨读承上届贵州省政协会议期间,兼任贵州省文史馆副馆长的贵州大学中文系张启成教授和我同一组别,他知道我在香港长期从事编辑工作,遂约我写这篇东西介绍一下香港的出版业情况。文字出版物是人类社会中传播思想、普及知识和积累文化的重要工具,凡发达的社会,其出版业也…     

“利簋”铭文中“岁”字表示木星

白光琦先生最近在《文博》1996年第5期上发表了《利簋的岁字不释岁星》的文章,提出利簋铭文中的“岁”不可能表示木星。白光琦先生的论文应该说有不少方面都很有启发,但其主要的观点与笔者的见解有相当大     

The assumption of equilibrium in models of migration

In recent articles Evans (1990) and Harrigan and McGregor (1993) (hereafter HM) scrutinized the equilibrium model of migration presented in a 1989 paper by Schachter and Althaus. This model used standard microeconomics to analyze gross interregional migration flows based on the assumption that gross flows are in approximate equilibrium. HM criticized the model as theoretically untenable, while Evans summoned empirical as well as theoretical objections. HM claimed that equilibrium of gross migration flows could be ruled out on theoretical grounds. They argued that the absence of net migration requires that either all regions have equal populations or that unsustainable regional migration propensities must obtain. In fact some moves are inter- and other are intraregional. It does not follow, however, that the number of interregional migrants will be larger for the more populous region. Alternatively, a country could be divided into a large number of small regions that have equal populations. With uniform propensities to move, each of these analytical regions would experience in equilibrium zero net migration. Hence, the condition that net migration equal zero is entirely consistent with unequal distributions of population across regions. The criticisms of Evans were based both on flawed reasoning and on misinterpretation of the results of a number of econometric studies. His reasoning assumed that the existence of demand shifts as found by Goldfarb and Yezer (1987) and Topel (1986) invalidated the equilibrium model. The equilibrium never really obtains exactly, but economic modeling of migration properly begins with a simple equilibrium model of the system. A careful reading of the papers Evans cited in support of his position showed that in fact they affirmed rather than denied the appropriateness of equilibrium modeling. Zero net migration together with nonzero gross migration are not theoretically incompatible with regional heterogeneity of population, wages, or amenities.     

关于郑州商城商代人类遗骨的初步研究

郑州商城的发掘工作于1974年结束,这次清理出的包括在城墙以内的遗迹、遗物全部属于商代早期(即考古学上的二里岗时期)。发掘再次表明,二里岗时期的各阶层间的等级差别已极为鲜明的反映在青铜礼器和宫殿建筑群上。(张1980) 这种差别同样反映在商城中的墓葬上面。这次所发掘出的墓葬主要有一堆人类头盖骨和三个墓,这些头盖骨集中堆放在一个浅壕顶部,三具墓葬分开地散在四周其它地方,恢原时则被放在头盖骨堆积的附近。据张光直的推测(1980),这一壕沟所在地应该是当时的“政治宗权”经常性的祭祀场所对头盖骨最原始的记录是由河南省博物     

科学正在揭开随同埃及国王埋葬的秘密

计算机、X射线技术、超微量化学分析和其他它空间科学提供了一个手段。通过这个手段,可能使法老的木乃伊对人类的发展和现在的健康状况提供新的见解。 十九世纪,埃及学学者综合古代的纸草(古埃及人用纸——译者)的抄本,墓画和碑文,揭开了一个笼罩着法老统治的埃及的秘密。但是,现代科学正在系统地探测装于纹饰华丽的外壳之内的木乃伊的骨骼和已干枯的肌肉,发现其所载的历史记录至少同古埃及象形文字——