Gustaf Retzius and Camillo Golgi

Gustaf Retzius (1842-1919), the Swedish anatomist and anthropologist, and Camillo Golgi were contemporaries. They met on several occasions and came in closer contact when Golgi, together with Ramon y Cajal, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in Stockholm in 1906. Retzius came from an illustrious family. His father was professor of anatomy at Karolinska Institutet and Gustaf himself made a fast career. At 35, he was appointed to a professorship in histology, especially created for him at Karolinska Institutet, and later he became professor of anatomy in the same institution. Retzius was exceedingly productive, and published more than 300 scientific papers, most of which dealt with the nervous system and sensory organs. The majority of these were included in his magnificent volumes Biologische Untersuchungen, Neue Folge (Biological Investigation, New Series), which appeared from 1890 to 1921, and in Das Gehororgan der Wirbelthiere ("The Acoustic Organ of Vertebrates", 1881 and 1884), which may be his internationally better know contribution. Much of his work, especially on invertebrates, was based on Ehrlich's methylene blue method, but he also used the Golgi method early on. Particularly his studies of the innervation of the sensory organs became of great importance for the support of the neuron doctrine. His standing internationally was reflected in his membership in many of the most prominent academies abroad, as well as in invitations to him to give a "Croonian Lecture" in 1908 and "The Huxley Lecture" in 1909.     

最后的可汗

1950年前后,俾路支地区卡拉特可汗的孩子们在王宫的花园里玩耍,记者西尔维亚·A·马西森拍下了这幅照片。孩子们的父亲米尔·艾哈迈德·亚尔可汗告诉马西森     

透视风格的神人一体岩画及其神话主题

具有X射线透视风格的神人一体和动物岩画在世界各地屡有发现.这种岩画人物胸部呈半透明状态,肋骨和脊椎骨清晰可见.从数量上看,神人一体岩画要少于动物岩画.     

二十世纪的历史科学——国际背景评述(续四)

3.从历史唯物主义到批判人类学的马克思主义历史科学 随着被看成是马克思主义或者马克思列宁主义思想之体现的现实中社会主义体系的崩溃,不言自明地便提出了这样一个问题:马克思主义不仅作为社会体系而且还作为科学方法,是否已经失去了它那有效性? 马克思主义对于近代历史科学的贡献是不     

新人狼战

狼群正在回归，这令热爱野生动物的人拍手称快。但狼毕竟是狼，会咬死家牛和野鹿。许多美国西部居民火冒三丈。于是，一场从远古打响的争夺土地与食物的大战又展开了新的篇章。     

An old hypothesis and new tools: Alfred Fessard's approach to the problem of consciousness

In 1954, a symposium was held in Canada on "Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness." It was a time for the promotion of international and interdisciplinary scientific cooperation, of new technological expectation, and of speculating about complex human behavior. Alfred Fessard's lecture on "Mechanisms of Nervous Integration and Conscious Experience" was one of the outstanding presentations, rich in critical analysis of the then available experimental data and in working hypothesis proposals. Reading the concept expressed by Fessard, it was found that several of his ideas had anticipated data obtained in modern research with new technologies.     

Biodiversity for billionaires: capitalism, conservation and the role of philanthropy in saving/selling nature

This article examines the role of philanthropy in conservation as a way of exploring how and why conservation might be becoming more neoliberal. It describes how conservation philanthropy supports capitalism both discursively and in more practical ways. Philanthropy is examined in terms of the two forces considered to be driving the neoliberalization of conservation — the need for capitalism to find new ways of making money, and the desire of conservationists to engage with capitalism as the best way of getting things done. It demonstrates how philanthropy can speak to both of these logics simultaneously, particularly through emerging ideas of philanthrocapitalism, which may be enhancing the neoliberalization of both philanthropy and conservation.