Pretransition marital fertility variation over time: was there deliberate control in England?

An important line of research concerning historical fertility patterns in currently developed countries of Europe has concluded that, prior to the fertility transition, marital fertility was essentially constant over time, and deliberate fertility control was virtually unknown. It has been argued that variations over time in overall fertility were largely the consequence of variations in nuptiality. Other researchers have challenged these views and present evidence for the existence of a significant minority of fertility controllers in pretransition populations. In this article, we find support for this second view and argue that (1) there was significant, non-random variation in marital fertility over time, prior to the transition; (2) in many cases, this variation in marital fertility was large relative to contemporaneous variations in nuptiality; and (3) in a substantial minority of the cases, the variation over time in pretransition marital fertility was so large that it is suggestive of deliberate fertility control. Thus, our findings question the view of fertility transition as an innovation in deliberate marital fertility control. While most of our evidence is based on data from England and Wales, we find corroboration of our key results in other European data.     

苏联文献中滨海边区渤海古迹的研究史

在部分滨海领土上渤海国的存在时期,是苏联远东历史上最有趣和最重要的时期之一。А·П·奥克拉德尼科夫、А·П·捷列文科、Э·В·沙夫库诺夫和Л·Е·谢米尼钦科的著作中,都披露了滨海地区渤海古迹的研究史。考古学家们还是在十月革命前就开始了对中世纪有考古价值的遗物的研究。第     

汪精卫假让贤 蒋介石真争权

中国乃礼仪之邦,做客赴宴为坐位子要谦让一番,逼宫篡位也要三表陈让、敕书敦劝,表演禅让让贤的把戏。现代史上有两位大人物也做过类似表演,无不弄巧成拙,出丑露乖,为后人留下笑柄。