哈达与哈达文化

哈达与哈达文化阿赛·旦珍才让“哈达”,藏语意为礼巾,是礼仪往来使用的丝织品。在藏区,献哈达是一种很普遍而崇高的礼节,凡觐见佛像、敬谒活佛、拜会尊长、迎送贵客、婚丧节庆都有献哈达的习惯。据史书载,哈达是由萨迎法王、元朝国师八思巴流传开来的。１２４７年八...     

拉鲁家族和拉鲁林苑

拉鲁家族和拉鲁林苑拉鲁·次旺多吉尧西·拉鲁嘎彩位于布达拉宫北面约二里处,该地日照良好,温度适中,春天来得早。古时那里林木茂密,大小池沼星罗棋布,绿草如茵,风光秀丽,令人赏心悦目,所以被人们称为＂龙与神的少男少女们游乐嬉戏的林苑＂,简称为＂拉鲁嘎彩＂。...     

富国强兵与娼妓制度

序章名不符实的“娼妓解放令”明治5年（1872）夏,风暴横扫日本海。风雨飘摇之中的秘鲁货船“玛丽亚·路丝”号靠上了日本横滨港,请求日本政府准其靠岸避难。这艘船从中国东南沿海启程,原计划横跨太平洋航行至南美大陆。令日本人大吃一惊的是,“玛丽亚·路丝”号船底载的“货物”是数百名被掠卖的中国苦力。在不见天日的底舱,数百名受尽风浪、饥饿折磨的中国人此时才知道目的地并不是风光明媚的新加坡,而是遥远的南美,才知道等待他们的命运要么是葬身鱼腹,要么是抛尸异乡。受骗的中国人决定冒险起义,向日本政府求救,以获死中求生…     

"A sudden and terrible revelation": motherhood and infant mortality in France, 1858-1874

In 1874, legislators in France passed a law regulating the wet-nursing industry. Citing recent medical research into the causes and social costs of high infant mortality, the law's supporters met little opposition, despite the fact that the law challenged the tradition of paternal authority and familial autonomy that had been inscribed in French law since the promulgation of the Civil Code of 1804. Extending state power into the familial realm required a concerted effort by reformers, who concentrated on two issues: maternal responsibility for newborn infants and the social costs of early death. Because working women in urban areas used wet-nurses to preserve their wage-earning capacity, reformers capitalized on widespread opposition to women's labor outside the home. The law met little opposition in part because the issues of paternal authority had already been thoroughly debated several months earlier in the child labor law of 1874.     

奥洛维扬纳亚火车站周围地区的中世纪墓葬遗存

按照现今已知的考古学遗存的数量,波诺涅是东外贝加尔地区占据首位中的一个。18世纪的科学考察队和19世纪末～20世纪初的热衷于地志学研究的人们都在这里进行过工作,基谢列夫考古考察队的工作人员和杰出的苏联考古学家奥克拉德尼科夫也都在这里进行过考察研究。     

东外贝加尔的中世纪焚尸葬墓及其民族文化的阐释

近年来,赤塔师范学院考古考察队对东外贝加尔地区的森林草原地带(音戈达河、石勒喀河流域,以及雅布洛诺夫山脉),进行的考察研究,提供了关于这一地区古代历史的新资料。其中公元1千纪末～公元第2千纪初的墓葬所提供的资料,具有特殊的意义,它能够确定关于当地的蒙古语族部落和通古斯语族部落同邻近的突厥语族部落之间的关系。因此于1980年发掘的这座焚尸葬墓具有重大的意义。该墓葬发现于雅布洛诺夫山脉的山脚下,位于赤塔市西北40公里的鲁切伊卡村附近。     

塔克拉玛干行纪（上）

塔克拉玛干行纪（上）Ｌ·路曼（一）长期以来,充满神秘色彩的塔克拉玛干大沙漠在我的心目中一直是个谜。好奇的心理,驱使我想有机会能身临其境,看看它的真面目。１９９５年１０月中旬,我应邀出席“中国西域楼兰学与中亚文明国际学术会议”。会议的通知中说,会后组织...     

Galen and the ventricular system

This paper examines the anatomy and physiology, together with the pathophysiology, of the ventricular system of the brain, as it was understood by arguably its greatest exponent in Western Antiquity, Galen. According to him, the purpose of the ventricles was to elaborate, store and distribute psychic pneuma, the motive force of Galenic neurology, throughout the nervous system. However, impressive as the delineation of the ventricular system is, the details of this distribution are not forthcoming from Galen. Finally, I discuss the ventricles as the site of intellect, a notion only tentatively advanced by Galen, but cast into dogma by his successors. For all the mistakes Galen made in anatomy and physiology, the study of the ventricular system reveals a mind not dissimilar to our own.