中国的外资银行民国时期的货币发行(1912-1945)

正中华民国的大银行忙于应付自身问题时,美国、日本和欧洲的银行都已作为新的合作伙伴进入了中国,试图瓜分利润丰厚的东方市场。1913年美国颁布的《联邦储备法令》赋予美国银行在国外设立办事处的权利。以此为契机,美国、英国、法国和日本组成了国际银行联盟,以平衡角力激烈的中国金融市场。统计数字显示,当时美国和日本的银行在中国的数量超过了欧洲银行,原有的金融结构正在发生改变。只有少数几家银行得到授权在华发行和流通自己纸币。所有民国时期在     

博物馆的社会中心化

以强调器物和标本为突出特征的十九世纪博物馆,对于一般人来说,往往是一个难以接近的冷冰冰的静物世界,有着死一般的寂静,听不到一点声音,或许还散发着陈腐的霉味,置身于其中的观众常常体验到一种沉重的压抑感,紧张、拘束、小心翼翼,大有“足将行而趑,口将言而嗫嚅”之势.然而,讲解和各种教育活动的出现开始改变了这一切,博物     

绘画修复工作的一些方法——“绘画修复工作的技术”一书绪言

毫无疑问,只有到人们认为艺术有价值时,才可能有绘画的修复工作。穴居野处的人大概不会修复他们刻在洞壁上面的"绘画"吧;那时连修理修理都谈不到。修理和修复有何区别呢?答案很简单。首先,修理的时候并不打算尽量贴切地恢复原样。因此,     

城镇化进程中农村征地模式变革研究

随着城镇化进程的快速推进,大量农村人口涌入城市及周边地区,不少村庄出现“空心化”,征地拆迁随之成为社会难点和焦点。基于对城镇化背景下我国农村征地制度变革的思考,通过分析我国农村土地征收问题,提出农村土地变革的关键点,即实现农民的权力与利益协调平衡,让农民获得更有保障的土地权利和增值收益,改变农民难以分享城镇化发展成果的利益分配格局。     

Sigmund Freud's contribution to the history of the neuronal cytoskeleton

In the summers of 1879 and 1881, while Freud was a research student in Ernst von Brücke's laboratory at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Vienna, he carried out an important though seldom remembered investigation on the internal structure of nerve fibers and cells. His contribution to this field is here examined in the context of the 19th-century debate regarding the existence of neurofibrils and of present views on the cytoskeleton. Freud was able to discern separate fine fibrils following straight courses within the nerve fibers, as well as concentric loops of striae surrounding the nuclei and converging towards the processes of the cell bodies in crayfish nervous tissue. He thus confirmed and extended observations made by Robert Remak almost 40 years earlier, which had remained controversial. Electron microscopy of the crustacean nervous system confirmed Freud's main points, which in turn vindicated those of Remak. Both researchers were looking at small bundles of microtubules, and thus they were among the first to picture the lacy intracellular framework that future cell biologists would call the cytoskeleton.