青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址孢粉分析与人类活动研究——化石和现代表土花粉分析结果

采用相差分析方法,区分出禾本科植物中的农作物花粉;通过对青海互助丰台卡约文化遗址文化层和丰台村周围现代表土样品的孢粉分析,发现孢粉组合中有农作物花粉,反映人类农耕活动对聚落及其周围孢粉组合有明显的影响;文化层样品的孢粉组合显示,卡约文化早期阶段,禾本科植物花粉明显多于晚期阶段,可能反映了卡约文化时期(约公元前1200-800年)农业在社会经济中地位逐步下降的过程;孢粉组合还显示,与现代丰台村相比,卡约文化时期,聚落周围有更多的禾本科植物生长,人类可利用的植物资源比现代丰富。研究结果将有助于综合研究西北地区青铜时代环境与人类文化的关系。     

狗的进化

它们分道扬镳还不到1.4万年;一只是狗的始祖——狼;另一只则是今日犬科动物中数百品种之一的马尔济斯犬。人类将野生的犬科动物转变成第一只家畜——可驯服、可训练,又变化多端的狗。[编者按]     

Psychiatry and race during World War II

Although the American literature on "war neuroses" expanded during World War II, psychiatrists remained more interested in dramatic instances of "combat fatigue" than in the problems of soldiers who broke down far from the field of battle. This bias in the medical literature shaped both diagnosis and treatment. It had an especially powerful effect on African American soldiers who, in the "Jim Crow" army of World War II, were assigned in disproportionate numbers to service units. When military neuropsychiatrists did write about troubled young African Americans, many revealed a racial conservatism that was surprising given the liberal environmentalist paradigm of the day. (Here, a particularly useful source is the two-volume history of Neuropsychiatry in World War II, produced by the Medical Department of the U.S. Army.) The major challenge to such views came from the National Medical Association (NMA). Despite its many criticisms of military medicine, the NMA argued that African American soldiers and veterans needed more, not fewer, psychiatric services. NMA members also joined their white counterparts in the campaign to diminish the stigma of mental illness, especially among the families of soldiers returning home. We need more investigation of the subsequent history of race and psychiatry, especially within the Veterans Administration.     

俄译满文版《辽史》出版前言

敬请以历史科学、东方学为职业的专家和中亚、东亚古代历史与文化的爱好者们注意,由Л.B.丘柳米娜首次从满文翻译成俄文的王朝编年史<大辽古伦苏杜里>-<大辽帝国历史>、契丹民族的历史将奉献给读者.     

老少两头大

划分人群的标准又添了一项：年轻和年老。这是因为,随着某些国家的民众趋于低龄化或高龄化．世界人口的平均年龄正在两极分化。在乌干达等贫困之地,低龄人群持续猛增．几乎半数人口（如坎帕拉的这名孤儿,下图）都未满15岁。     

The politics of assessment: water and sanitation MDGs in the Middle East

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is generally considered to be making adequate progress towards meeting Target 10 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which calls for halving the proportion of the population with inadequate access to drinking water and sanitation. Progress towards achieving Target 10 is evaluated by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), run by UNICEF and WHO. This article shows that the assessment methodologies employed by the JMP significantly overstate coverage rates in the drinking water and sanitation sectors, by overlooking and ‘not counting’ problems of access, affordability, quality of service and pollution. The authors show that states in MENA often fail to provide safe drinking water and adequate sanitation services, particularly in densely populated informal settlements, and that many centralized water and sanitation infrastructures contribute to water pollution and contamination. Despite the glaring gap between the MDG statistics and the evidence available from national and local reports, exclusionary political regimes in the region have had few incentives to adopt more accurate assessments and improve the quality of service. While international organizations have proposed some reforms, they too lack incentives to employ adequate measures that gauge access, quality and affordability of drinking water and sanitation services.     

公元前1920年的溃决洪水支持中国传说大洪水和夏朝的真实性

<正>根据中国传统的编年史，对一场大洪水的成功治理导致了夏朝的建立和文明的开始。然而，这场洪水和夏朝的历史真实性存在争议。现在，我们重建了公元前1920年黄河上的一场由地震引发的堰塞湖溃决洪水。它是全新世地球上最大的淡水洪水之一，可以解释传说中的中国大洪水。这一发现将夏朝的起始年代确定在大约公元前1900年，比传统的年代晚了几百年。这一年代与黄河流域新石器时代到青铜器时代的社会大转型的年代一致，     

Où en Est la Sociologie Générale ?

Over the last two decades, history and social sciences have experienced a kind of merging, and a vast number of specialized domains have emerged. Yet the durkheim - ian register of "general sociology" seems somehow neglected. Firstly, this article analyzes the reasons for this neglect, and secondly, it indicates how, through a long-term reflexivity, one can formulate a new agenda for general sociology.     

作为社会科学的考古学

学者和公众一般认为,考古学就是为寻找最早的家马、文字或者城市等诸如此类遗存而进行的不懈努力。习以为常,大众媒体上出现的考古类文章往往只是与历史特殊性有关的复原和重建。这种倾向歪曲了考古学这门在最近几十年取得巨大进展的科学学科。我们认为现代考古学的发展在广义的社会学领域作出了极为重要的贡献,这种进展主要基于以下两个方面的主要趋势：其一是全球范围内大量田野工作新资料的积累;其二是利用实物证据对古代社会动力机制进行可靠重建的新方法和新理念的不断发展。