Young people’s disadvantages on the labour market in Italy: reframing the NEET category

Abstract

The worsening of young people’s condition on the labour market has been described as a long-term trend of contemporary advanced capitalist economies. In recent years, the NEET (not in employment, education or training) label has been increasingly used to assess the integration of young people into the labour market. Does the NEET category adequately grasp the complexity of the underlying processes? In this contribution we will try to answer this question considering the Italian case as an extreme example. Focusing on the features of the youth labour market in Italy, we show the heterogeneity that lies behind the NEET concept, as well as its relationships with the labour market, the education system and welfare institutions. We argue that the institutionalization of NEETs as an analytical category may prove to be problematic as it may fail to identify specific vulnerable subgroups clearly, thereby leading to ineffective one-size-fits-all policy responses.     

Structural Investigation of 18th-Century Ogival Masonry Domes: From Carlo Fontana to Bernardo Vittone

In this study a structural investigation on the ogival masonry domes is performed with particular attention to the significant debate between mathematicians and architects mainly of the French and Italian schools that characterized the 18th century. In this period, analytical approaches to investigate the static of dome structures were developed concurrently for the affirmation of the proportional methods, as reported in several architectural treatises in which graphical constructions for the design of masonry domes can be found. It is well known that Carlo Fontana, in 1694, was the first to show in detail the geometrical rules for the design of a masonry dome. Later, in 1760, the Italian architect Bernardo Antonio Vittone proposed some variations to the rules written by Fontana in order to increase the height of the dome and the slope of the meridian section at the intersection with the lantern. In this study, Vittone’s dome has been analyzed and compared with Fontana’s dome by means of an analytical approach that also considers the influence of the lantern at the top. The obtained results confirm that Vittone’s rules lead not only to architectural, but also structural improvements.     

From Aterian Notch to Aterian Tang: How to Make a Technological Invention

The Aterian lithic techno-complex that characterizes the late Middle Stone Age in North Africa is well known especially for its tanged or stemmed points. Recent techno-morphological and use-wear analyses have added new data to support the identification of the tang as the hafted portion of an artifact. They have also highlighted the presence of this attribute on tools other than projectile points, in contrast with the widespread idea that the tanged point is the Aterian fossile directeur. The design of this specific device, the tang, for hafting purposes is regarded as a great technical innovation that underlines a modern behavior. Our work provides new use-wear and experimental data, aiming at discussing the cognitive preconditions of this technical innovation that could have originated from a specific functional unit: the notch. Notches are quite abundant in the Aterian techno-complex. Our systematic study of this tool category from Aterian sites of the Jebel Gharbi allowed defining the notch per se as a techno-morpho-functional unit that was “applied” to different types of blanks, including “reused blanks,” which show a heavy patina on their surface. This functional unit has been used for various types of activities and can be found either alone on a blank or with multiple other units on the same blank, creating different tool morphologies. According to this interpretation, the tang could have been considered by Aterian populations as a new resulting variant of various possible combinations of notches, for defining and/or transforming the shape of a tool.     

Mapping languages from inside: Notes on perceptual dialectology

Language maps can represent many aspects of the linguistic situation in a certain territory. They usually draw particular views of the language setting as seen from outside, i.e. by linguists or scholars in general. However, maps can also be used to show the geographical distribution of the perception of language variation from the point of view of the speakers. The starting point for every kind of language map is the language border (and its definition): thus a perceptual language map needs a definition of border from the point of view of the speaker. To do that it is necessary to analyse 'perceptual data', that is to study the opinion the speaker has of the language diversities and compare the different kinds of perception. Points of interest can be, for example: the influence of the perceived ethnic diversity on the language variation—or vice versa, the fact that perceived ethnic borders do not match with perceived language borders; or moreover that perceived language borders do not necessarily match with the perceived comprehensibility of other language varieties (symbolic versus communicative function of language). Hence a possible linguistic borderline on perceptual language maps could be the limit among social language behaviours. From this point of view, sociolinguistic studies can be a good tool to draw perceptual language maps, since quantitative sociolinguistic researches provide the diatopic/diasthratic variation of the data, whilst qualitative research provides the perception of the variation. The paper discusses some field research case studies, coming from the Eastern and Western Alps in Italy, to better introduce this kind of perceptual geolinguistic explanation.     

Inclusive growth from an urban perspective: a challenge for the metropolis of the twenty-first century

This paper addresses the study of inclusive growth from an urban perspective. It proposes to focus the relationship between urban economic growth and income distribution in cities in which manufacturing production and external demand play a central role. Opposed to the literature that considers economic growth leads to an increase in inequality in income distribution, we present some operative economic tools from Marshallian Industrial Districts theory and from urban economic theory with which to develop an economic strategy for inclusive urban growth, making possible to achieve simultaneously economic growth and improvements in income distribution. An interesting example of a metropolis with a dynamic of economic and employment growth compatible with a reduction in income inequality is provided by Barcelona. This metropolis disposes a Survey of living conditions and habits of the population since 1986 that allows an analysis in terms of inclusive urban growth.     

Civiltà, Dal Singolare al Plurale

Résumé  Près de quatre-vingt ans se sont écoulés depuis que Lucien Febvre a pris part à la première Semaine de synthèse, consacrée à la Civilisation. Le mot et l’idée. Avec le succès du ? choc ? de Samuel Huntington et le 11 septembre 2001, l’attaque terroriste des Twin Towers, l’usage du terme s’est largement diffusé. On rencontre ainsi toujours plus fréquemment le couple de concepts: civilisation et barbarie. La civilisation est déclinée au singulier, selon un ethnocentrisme exclusif et chargé de tendances antagonistes. Aujourd’hui ce cadre de réfexion s’est non seulement compliqué mais il est devenu confus. Dès lors une clarification est indispensable. Il convient, par conséquent, de poser ce problème et de saisir le terme de ? civilisation ? entre singulier et pluriel.

---

Civiltà, Dal Singolare al Plurale Riflessioni attuali in occasione della traduzione italiana di Civilisation. Le Mot et l’idée (1930)

Riassunto  Sono trascorsi quasi ottanta anni, da quando Lucien Febvre ha partecipato alla prima Semaine de synthèse, su Civilisation. Le mot et l’idée. Con la fortuna dello ? shock ? di Samuel Huntington e l’11 settembre 2001, l’attacco terroristico alle Twin Towers, si è diffuso l’uso del termine. Sempre più si propone la coppia di concetti: civiltà e barbarie. E declinata, la civiltà, al singolare, secondo un etnocentrismo escludente e gravido di tendenze antagonistiche. Oggi che il quadro si è non solo complicato, ma soprattutto confuso, il chiarimento è indispensabile. è perciò da quella impostazione che occorre prendere le mosse, di comprendere la voce ? civiltà ? dal singolare al plurale.

---

---

Vittorio Dini è professore di storia del pensiero politico e direttore del dipartimento di sociologia e scienza della politica presso l’università di Salerno (via Ponte don Melillo, I-84 084 Fisciano, Salerno, dini@unisa.it). Dirige la collana ?Civiltà? presso l’editore Colonnese di Napoli e ha pubblicato, segnatamente, una edizione italiana di Condorcet, Riflessioni sulla schiavitù dei negri (Napoli, Colonnese, 2003); un saggio ?Il Mediterraneo e le civiltà. Le storie; la storia? à in corso di stampa in una miscellanea per Augusto Placanica (Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino).     

Effects of Soil Characterization on the Seismic Input

This paper is aimed at determining the effects of the soil characterization on the seismic input to use for seismic assessment. Three different soil profiles have been assembled to represent the stratigraphies found through a proper experimental investigation, carefully described, and alternative seismic site response analyses have been performed. The surface spectra obtained from the seismic site response analysis (SRA) are very different from each other, thus evidencing the importance of carefully describing soil stratigraphy. Furthermore, the comparison among the surface records found for different return periods has shown a limited sensitivity of the SRA to the seismic intensity.     

Il Mito dello Stato Moderno Nella Fortuna della Ragion di Stato

Treaties on the reason of State have made their contribution in making obsolete the ideal model of the platonic state, the naturalistic Aristotelian model and the theological natural law model of the “respublica christiana”. Together with Machiavellism, the doctrine of reason of State has firmly established the modern distinction of politics and morals and has created an authentic pedagogy of the art of government. It represents an intrinsic element of the myth of the modern State, with characters of universality functioning in the social and individual disciplining — despite the limits and the contradictions which even the form of political myth is incapable of concealing: crisis and war (civil and among nations).     

Dome of the Basilica of Santa Maria Degli Angeli in Assisi: Static and Dynamic Assessment

This study presents the results of the static and dynamic assessment of the dome of the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi, designed by Galeazzo Alessi. The first section is devoted to an overview of the masonry domes designed by the Italian architect and focuses on the structural solutions adopted in the several cases described to better understand Alessi’s designing skills. In the second part, the drum-dome system is analyzed in order to attain a structural assessment. The static assessment is performed by means of limit analysis and finite element model approaches with non-linear mechanical behavior. The obtained results are consistent with the detected crack pattern and confirm the suitability of the reinforcement steel rings applied to the drum. The seismic assessment has been performed by response spectrum analysis. Due to the lack of specific information, a probabilistic approach for the material mechanical properties was used. The results obtained highlight an adequate seismic response of the structure that can be attributed to the dynamic properties of the slender drum-dome system. This finding justifies the good performance of the structure during the seismic events of 1832 and 1997.