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Strategies of Policy Advocacy Organizations and Their Theoretical Affinities: Evidence from Q‐Methodology 下载免费PDF全文
Policy advocacy is an increasingly important function for many nonprofit organizations, yet their advocacy activities have largely escaped theoretical grounding. The literature on nonprofits has described how they engage in policy advocacy, without linking them to theories of policy change. The policy studies literature, on the other hand, has explained how various forms of influence result in policy change, but has largely ignored organizational perspectives on those processes. These two literatures remain largely disconnected. Drawing upon interviews with a purposive sample of policy advocacy directors at 31 nonprofit organizations, this study applies Q‐methodology to identify and describe six distinct policy advocacy strategies employed by the organizations, and their resonant theoretical views of policy processes. These findings suggest strategic approaches for nonprofits seeking to influence policy processes. They also enhance the academic literature on policy processes by adding the advocates’ views and expectations. Implications for further research are also identified. 相似文献
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Sheldon Skaggs Naomi Norman Ervan Garrison Drew Coleman Salah Bouhlel 《Journal of archaeological science》2012,39(4):970-983
This study attempts to determine if there was Roman lead mining in Africa Proconsularis, approximately the area of modern day Tunisia, using lead isotope analysis. Another important aspect of the study is the innovative use of electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) as a screening tool to greatly reduce the number of expensive lead isotope analyses needed for the study. The EMPA X-ray mapping for arsenic, antimony, copper, and silver narrowed the sample of curse tablets to those most likely produced from Tunisian ores; these tablets were then tested using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analysis. A total of 96 Roman lead curse tablets from Carthage, Tunisia were screened with EMPA and twenty selected for TIMS to determine the ore sources of the lead used to manufacture the tablets. Comparing the lead isotope ratios of twelve of the sixteen tablets most likely to be made of Tunisian lead to samples of Tunisian ores suggests that the Romans were mining lead in Africa Proconsularis and were not relying solely on imports. 相似文献
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Krysta Ryzewski Brian W. Sheldon Susan E. Alcock Max Mankin Sugeetha Vasudevan Nicholas Sinnott-Armstrong 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(2):173-184
This object-specific case study focuses on cupreous artifacts excavated from the Great Temple complex of Petra, Jordan to
demonstrate how the use of compositional X-ray analyses alongside two experimental applications (ImageJ software and nanoindentation)
have the potential to generate different and otherwise unobtainable information about archaeological metals. The study highlights
the value of using multiple techniques as a means of resolving the ambiguities that tend to arise from interpretations of
single-sited measurements on objects and from single-instrumental analyses during studies of production processes and consequent
material performance. Employing different techniques on multiple localities within a sample permits the gathering of precise
information about the behavior of and interrelationships between variables that affect the objects’ fabrication and use, particularly
composition, structure, and hardness properties. The resulting data are interpreted in association with contextual archaeological
information from Petra to consider the use-life and potential significance of these objects. 相似文献