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John Edward Terrell John P. Hart Sibel Barut Nicoletta Cellinese Antonio Curet Tim Denham Chapurukha M. Kusimba Kyle Latinis Rahul Oka Joel Palka Mary E. D. Pohl Kevin O. Pope Patrick Ryan Williams Helen Haines John E. Staller 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2003,10(4):323-368
Harvesting different species as foods or raw materials calls for differing skills depending on the species being harvested and the circumstances under which they are being taken. In some situations and for some species, the tactics used are mainly behavioral—that is, people adjust, or adapt, their own actions to fit the behavior and circumstances of the species they are taking. Under other circumstances and for other species, the skills and tactics used may call for greater environmental preparation or manipulation. Therefore, instead of trying to distinguish people today and in the past as either foragers or farmers, it makes sense to define human subsistence behavior as an interactive matrix of species and harvesting tactics, that is, as a provisions spreadsheet. 相似文献
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The Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh (‘the Accord’) has received both praise and criticism concerning its implications for corporate responsibility and power. This article contributes to the debate by situating the Accord within a broader set of activities that buyers are engaged in to promote better labour conditions in their supply chains. The authors identify three approaches of buyer engagement: auditing, capacity building and advocacy. Drawing on interviews conducted with European brands and retailers, the article shows how buyers perceive the merits and challenges of these approaches, and whether and how they discharge responsibility and power through these activities. The study shows that the Accord is seen primarily as part of the auditing approach with a key feature being its use of collective leverage as a means of enforcement. While greater buyer power has not necessarily been accompanied by greater responsibility, the article highlights heterogeneity among buyers in how they take up different approaches, painting a more nuanced picture of buyer responsibility and power. 相似文献
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Chikako Nihei 《亚洲研究评论》2013,37(1):62-79
In recent years, both Japanese and Western media have devoted a great deal of attention to a new type of Japanese man, so-called sōshoku-kei danshi (“herbivorous men”), as an example of a new, “softened” masculinity. In this paper, I draw a parallel between the growing number of “herbivores” and the increasing popularity of Japanese contemporary author Murakami Haruki, and in particular of the young male protagonists of his novels. Apart from the apparent similarities in the personalities of Murakami’s characters and the herbivores, a significant commonality can be found in their way of relating to their representation, especially their rebellious image constructed by society. Through an analysis of the formation of such an image, we will find that their popularity is closely associated with the history of Japanese masculinity, and more importantly with their astute distancing from society and their complicity with the capitalist system. In this article I examine Murakami’s and the herbivores’ ways of positioning themselves in Japanese society in order to provide a more nuanced understanding of both types of men. 相似文献
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After almost three centuries of investigations into the question of what it means to be human and the historical processes
of becoming human, archaeologists have amassed a huge volume of data on prehistoric human interactions. One of the largest
data sets available is on the global distribution and exchange of materials and commodities. What still remains insufficiently
understood is the precise nature of these interactions and their role in shaping the diverse cultures that make up the human
family as we know it. A plethora of theoretical models combined with a multitude of methodological approaches exist to explain
one important aspect of human interaction—trade—and its role and place in shaping humanity. We argue that trade parallels
political, religious, and social processes as one of the most significant factors to have affected our evolution. Here we
review published literature on archaeological approaches to trade, including the primitivist-modernist and substantivist-formalist-Marxist
debates. We also discuss economic, historical, and ethnographic research that directly addresses the role of traders and trade
in both past and contemporary societies. In keeping with the complexities of interaction between trade and other aspects of
human behavior, we suggest moving away from the either/or perspective or strong identification with any particular paradigm
and suggest a return to the middle through a combinational approach to the study of trade in past societies. 相似文献
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This paper creates and applies a computational model of irrigation agriculture in order to study the effects of salinization in Mesopotamia, with the model developed applicable to cases beyond that studied here. Scholars have long suspected that central and southern Mesopotamia present environments which limited agricultural production over the long-term. In regions such as central Mesopotamia, where salinization likely affected settlement and agriculture in different periods but was more manageable than in more southern regions, fallowing regimes, natural and engineered leaching, and decisions made on when to crop were strategies applied in order to limit the effects of salinization. In this paper, we assess the effectiveness of these coping strategies by incorporating projected climate, soil, and landscape conditions with agricultural practices. The simulation results not only demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of inhibiting progressive salinization, but they can be compared with the archaeological record in order to determine if the results could reasonably be matched with past events and help to interpret settlement history. 相似文献
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