二战后美国妇女就业状况浅析(20世纪50年代到90年代)

美国妇女从20世纪开始大量进入劳动大军,二战后,美国妇女的就业状况发生了显著变化,本文通过对不同年龄、不同种族和不同教育水平的妇女的就业状况的分析,对战后美国妇女的就业状况做一简单概述。     

论伊朗现代化的失误及其原因

论伊朗现代化的失误及其原因钱乘旦我对伊朗历史知之甚少,最近因做现代化研究,接触了一些伊朗历史,结果感触很深。伊朗在二战后制定了雄伟的现代化方案,曾取得惊人的成就。但倾刻之间,整个现代化计划与巴列维王朝都覆灭了,伊朗提供了现代化不成功的最典型例子。伊朗...     

第二次世界大战时期美国妇女就业的发展及其影响

在资本主义社会,妇女就业有其自身的发展规律,即:随着经济危机的周期性运转,妇女就业呈现出“就业—失业”的规律。二次大战时期美国妇女就业获得了前所未有的发展。毫无疑问,这是资本主义社会妇女就业的一般规律作用的结果。因为,战争期间正是美国社会经济摆脱了30年代大危机和萧     

日光之下无新事

快翻年了,又有一部坦克上街的电影。三联书店出过,旅居法国的伊朗裔女作家玛赞·莎塔碧的自传体漫画《我在伊朗长大》,包括了《面纱》、《安息日》、《流落奥地利》和《回家》。老掉牙的黑白动画片,竟在去年戛纳电影节上获得评委会大奖,就因为黑白分明,而世界混沌,一如伊朗妇女的服饰,也一如1980年代的伊朗世界。     

大萧条的“替罪羊”——20世纪30年代美国已婚就业妇女研究

19世纪末到1930年,美国已婚妇女的就业地位发生了很大的改善。大萧条期间,尽管已婚妇女就业人数持续增长,然而,她们却遭到了公众的强烈歧视,就业地位不但没有上升,反而大大下降。在某种程度上,已婚就业妇女成为大萧条的“替罪羊”。     

中国近代妇女职业溯源

妇女的就业情况，是衡量其解放程序的重要标志。近代中国妇女为开辟就业之路，曾经付出了惨重的代价。《中国近代妇女职业溯源》回顾了1840年以来中国妇女求解放的苦难历程。     

20世纪30年代的美国妇女研究述评

在过去几十年中,美国史学界对20世纪30年代的美国妇女历史的研究,在妇女应对危机、妇女与就业、妇女与社会保障、女性主义和妇女组织等方面均取得了一定的成果。目前,中国史学界关于20世纪30年代美国妇女的研究尚属空白。     

20世纪3O年代的美国妇女研究述评

在过去几十年中,美国史学界对20世纪30年代的美国妇女历史的研究,在妇女应对危机、妇女与就业、妇女与社会保障、女性主义和妇女组织等方面均取得了一定的成果.目前,中国史学界关于20世纪30年代美国妇女的研究尚属空白.     

珠三角地区城市化进程中妇女就业问题的探索与建议

城市化进程中,农民变成了居民,生活方式也发生了很大变化。男性农民由于较多参与社会工作,比较容易适应城市化过程,而广大的妇女由于长期从事家庭劳作,参与社会劳动的机会较少,在促进新城市居民就业工作中,妇女就业工作意义重大。本研究选取广东城市化进程中具有典型性代表的珠三角某市一个"由村委变居委"的典型研究。通过调查该街道妇女的教育程度和就业现况调查和分析,对类似城市化进程中出现的问题做出分析,提出相应的建议。     

论我国妇女的非正规就业

非正规就业已成为下岗失业职工寻求再就业的主要渠道,在缓解就业压力方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。加强对非正规就业问题的研究,积极促进我国妇女就业,具有重大的战略意义。     

A history of the African people

Abstract

Colonialism entailed numerous changes in Swazi socio-economic configurations, including a growing recourse to waged employment. Yet little is known about the dynamics that drove indigenous Swazi women to work for wages. This article argues that colonial policy, by adversely impacting areas of production involving Swazi people, drove women to seek wage employment. Moreover, this was not a smooth process, but a contested issue. Swazi men, chiefs, the monarchy and colonial administrators all attempted to frustrate female participation in wage employment. In spite of such barriers, as oral interviews with mid-twentieth century working women show, women continued to take up wage employment, and eventually secured the implicit support of colonial administrators in the service of the colonial economy.     

Assessing the Impact of Location on Women's Labor Market Outcomes: A Methodological Exploration

Location and the nature of locally available employment opportunities is believed to shape labor force participation, job type, and wages. Analysts investigating this issue have encountered problems in operationalizing the concept of “locally available employment opportunities.” We first review the grounds for expecting a relationship between local context and employment outcomes for women and then critically assess the methods and measures that analysts have used to explore the relationship. Finally, we describe a new approach for measuring local employment context that consists of a fine-scaled measure individually tailored for each woman in the sample. Using discriminant analysis we ask whether the spatial variables measuring local employment context are important determinants of women's employment in female-dominated occupations. The results suggest that for most groups of women (defined by city or suburban residence and by sociodemographics) the spatial variables are not important. For well-educated, part-time employed women with young children, however, living in an area rich in female-dominated job opportunities increases the likelihood of having a job in a gender-typical occupation; for these women, the local employment context does affect labor market outcomes.     

Shi‘ite Women's Seminaries (howzeh-ye ‘elmiyyeh-ye khahran) in Iran: Possibilities and Limitations

The establishment of Jami‘at al-Zahra, the first official female seminary in post-revolutionary Iran, opened new possibilities for women to enter the male-dominated clerical hierarchy. The rapid growth of female seminaries increased the presence of seminary-educated women in the official religious sphere. However, as opposed to the male seminaries whose dominant role is to train mojtaheds who can issue a competent legal opinion, the primary role of female seminaries is to train educators and propagandists. Drawing on interviews, documents issued by seminaries and secondary sources, this paper concludes that in spite of the rapid growth of female seminaries, very few women reach the rank of a mojtahed, and thus, in no way weaken the male-centric seminary system in contemporary Iran.     

Women beneath the Surface: Coal and the Colonial State in India during the Second World War

In British India in 1943, a rapidly escalating Allied coal crisis resulted in the lifting of a six-year-old ban on women’s employment underground. Over 70,000 low-caste and adivasi (indigenous) women, battling the war-induced Bengal Famine, sustained production levels and prevented the monthly loss of 385,000 tons of coal between August 1943 and February 1946. Their employment sparked unprecedented outrage among the public, in the press, and in parliaments, generating a transnational discourse on Indian women workers for the very first time. Meanwhile the desperate colonial government disciplined miners through the threat of starvation, information that has so far remained concealed.     

Women’s education,time use and marriage in Iran

In many parts of the world, higher education has increased female chances of paid work and reduced the economic benefits of marriage. In Iran, however, female labour force participation has remained in low rates despite considerable improvements in female education. In the absence of direct economic benefits of education for women, this paper uses data from the 2009 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of Iran, to explore another pathway of the impact of education on transition to marriage. It is postulated that female education can lead to later marriage by changing women’s role priorities, at least in two ways. While enrolment in education is time-consuming and incompatible with requirements of marital life, higher education can increase the chances and desire for engagement in alternatives to the roles related to marriage. The findings provide partial support for both explanations. These findings not only deepen our understanding about differentials in the time use and the potential pathway of the impact of female education on marriage, but also provide important information for policy makers who are concerned with marital and fertility behaviours of the large cohort of young educated women in Iran.     

The influence of the 'spaces of everyday life' on pregnancy health

Given the recent focus of medical geography on the social influences of health and illness, this paper draws upon a socio‐theoretical framework to show the link between pregnancy health and the spaces of everyday life. The health of pregnant women is becoming increasingly important given that 85 percent of women work during their pregnancy. Employment during pregnancy is consistently linked with good health for infants; however, large discrepancies exist on the effects for employed mothers. This study estimates the health effect of women's employment during pregnancy with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Findings show that women's involvement in paid employment has a beneficial impact for infants compared to women not involved in paid labour. Women who work one job or more per week experience more health problems than women who work less than one job per week. Finally, women who work in male‐dominated and gender‐neutral workspaces experience significantly more prenatal problems than women in female‐dominated workspaces. In conclusion, there is evidence to support that differences in employment status, number of workplaces involved in and gendered workspaces influence the experience of health and illness that are negotiated in the spaces of everyday life.     

Women in Praise of Women: Female Poets and Female Patrons in Qajar Iran

This study examines the poetry of two women of nineteenth-century Iran—one royal, one non-royal—and the women patrons for whom they composed praise poetry. Through the reconstruction of female-centered patronage networks and associated female-only performance venues, and via an examination of the active roles played by female patrons both in affairs of state and in the management of the immense royal harem, this study highlights the various ways in which members of several generations of women in Qajar Iran were involved in the production, dissemination and appreciation of poetry. It is argued here that these patronage and poetry production networks should be read as evidence of a female-centered literary tradition, one that was in dialogue with (and often intersected) the dominant male tradition; one that empowered the women actors within it to create a sisterhood of poets through which their art could be passed on from mother to daughter, and from daughter to granddaughter (and occasionally from mother to son).     

Enslaved African Women in Nineteenth-Century Iran: The Life of Fezzeh Khanom of Shiraz

Fezzeh Khanom (c. 1835–82), an African woman, was a slave of Sayyed ‘Ali-Mohammad of Shiraz, the Bab. Information about her life can be recovered from various pious Baha'i histories. She was honored, and even venerated by Babis, though she remained subordinate and invisible. The paper makes the encouraging discovery that a history of African slavery in Iran is possible, even at the level of individual biographies. Scholars estimate that between one and two million slaves were exported from Africa to the Indian Ocean trade in the nineteenth century, most to Iranian ports. Some two-thirds of African slaves brought to Iran were women intended as household servants and concubines. An examination of Fezzeh Khanom's life can begin to fill the gaps in our knowledge of enslaved women in Iran. The paper discusses African influences on Iranian culture, especially in wealthy households and in the royal court. The limited value of Western legal distinctions between slavery and freedom when applied to the Muslim world is noted.     

Childhood in Qajar Iran

The history of children in general and that of Persian children in particular is that of the inarticulate. The social history of Iran is a neglected field although in recent decades a preponderance of material has appeared on the history of women. Aside from this no work has been undertaken on the private life of the period including childhood and family life. This article examines various aspects of the position and upbringing of children in Qajar Iran ranging from the rearing of children to their status in the family, discipline, amusements and education. This investigation attempts to cover the childhood of different sexes and social classes both in rural and urban areas. The discussion is limited to Shi'i children, the majority population of Iran.     

Contemporary trends in women's employment in France

France is often hailed as a country where women, and particularly mothers, are well placed in employment, especially compared with many of its European neighbours. This article explores the situation of women in employment in France in order to highlight and explain areas of progress in recent years and examine issues of continuing concern.