Not a Soldier,Not a Slacker: Conscientious Objectors and Male Citizenship in the United States during the Second World War

This essay argues that the 1940 Selective Service Act introduced new tensions between pacifism and male citizenship in the United States. Even as the draft required tens of millions of American men to answer Uncle Sam's call and promoted a new norm of male military obligation, it also specified the acceptable grounds for conscientious objection and created bureaucratic mechanisms for distinguishing between sincere objectors and ‘slackers’. Using Selective Service and organisational records, letters, diaries, interviews and the media, I suggest that male citizenship has been defined not only by idealised and gendered duties, but also by the difficulties and exceptions involved in their practical realisation.     

Gender,Generation, and Race in American Shipyards in the Second World War

Stephen Peter Rosen. War and Human Nature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 3005. Pp. 211. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by John A. Lynn

Marshall Sahlins. Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 334. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by K. R. Howe

Joachim Latacz. Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery, trans. Kevin Windle and Rosh Ireland. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp.xvii, 342. $96.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Anthony Snodgrass

Angelos Chaniotis. War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History.Oxford and Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Pp. xxiii, 308. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Stanley M. Burstein

S. A. M. Adshead. Tang China: The Rise of the East in World History. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xvii, 233. $24.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Richard von Glahn

Nancy Bisaha.Creating East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 309. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Jerry Brotton

Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan, eds. Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. vi, 346. $55.00 (US); Londa Schiebinger. Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 306. $39–95 (US). Reviewed by John Gascoigne

Paul Douglas Lockhart. Frederik II and the Protestant Cause: Denmark's Role in the Wars of Religion, 1559–1596. Leiden: Brill, 2004. Pp. xxii, 350. €99.00. Reviewed by Robert I. Frost

Ulinka Rublack. Reformation Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 208. $2.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by R. Po-Chia Hsia

Daniel V. Botsman. Punishment and Power in the Making of Modern Japan. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 319. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by F. G. Notehelfer

Matthew Glozier. Marshal Schomberg, 1615–1690: “The Ablest Soldier of His Age”. International Soldiering and the Formation of State Armies in Seventeenth-Century Europe. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Pp. xxiv, 250. $35.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by David Parrott

Carla Gardina Pestana. The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 342. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Luca Codignola

Peter C. Perdue. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xx, 725. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by John W. Dardess

Kathleen Wilson, ed. A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660-1840. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 385. $34-99 (US), paper. Reviewed by J. C. D. Clark

Liam C. Kelley. Beyond the Bronze Pillars: Envoy Poetry and the Sino-Vietnamese Relationship. Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 267. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Nola Cooke

Andrew Porter.Religion Versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700-1914. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2004; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. viii, 373- $29–95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Terence Ranger

P. J. MARSHALL. The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America, c.1750–1783. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. vi, 398. $90.00 (CDN); Steven Sarson.British America, 1500–1800: Creating Colonies, Imagining an Empire. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005; dist. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xix, 332. $45.50 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Trevor Burnard

C. A. Bayly.The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons. Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. Pp. xxiv, 540. $34.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Kenneth Pomeranz

Robert Galois, ed. A Voyage to the North West Side of America: The Journals of James Colnett, 1786–89. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 441. $95.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ken S. Coates

Bernard Porter.The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xxii, 475. $71.50 (CDN). Reviewed by H. V. Bowen

Stuart Semmel.Napoleon and the British. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 354. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Neville Thompson

Bruce Mazlish and Akira Iriye, eds. The Global History Reader. London and New York: Roudedge, 2005. Pp. x, 302. $17.99 (US) paper; Geoffrey Jones. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 340. $195.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Alfred E. Eckes

Zachary Lockman. Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xxi, 308. $30–95 (US), paper. Reviewed by James Jankowski

Gerard Moran. Sending out Ireland's Poor: Assisted Emigration to North America in the Nineteenth Century. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004; dist. Portland, OR: ISBS. Pp. 252. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Tyler Anbinder

Erik Gilbert.Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar, 1860–1970. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 176. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by Laura Fair

Michael R. Auslin. Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. viii, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael A. Barnhart

Frank J. Merli. The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War, ed. David M. Fahey. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 223. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Brian Holden Reid

Robert T. Foley. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 301. $70.00 (US). Reviewed by Holger H. Herwig

Roger Owen. Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xxi, 436. $75.00 (CDN), cloth; $45.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Saul Kelly

Theodore Huters. Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. ix, 370. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward Rhoads

Stephen G. Craft. V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004. Pp. xii, 330. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Stephen R. Mackinnon

Noenoe K. Silva. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 3004. Pp. x, 260. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by William E. H. Tagupa

Anne Perez Hattori. Colonial Dis-ease: US Navy Health Policies and the Chamorros of Guam, 1898–1941. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 239. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Roger Dingman

Patricia E. Roy. The Oriental Question: Consolidating a White Man'lar;85.00 (CDN), cloth; $29.95 (CDNK paper. Reviewed by Hilary K. Blair

Maureen Healy. Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 333. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by C. M. Peniston-Bird

Mona L. Siegel. The Moral Disarmament of France: Education, Pacifism, and Patriotism, 1914–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 317. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Robert J. Young

Thomas Boghardt. Spies of the Kaiser: German Covert Operations in Great Britain during the First World War Era. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xiv, 224. $69.95 (US)- Reviewed by David Stevenson

Ben Shepherd. War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. vi, 300. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Mark von Hagen

Yasir Suleiman. A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 270. $70.00 (US), cloth; $27.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Eliezer Ben-Rafael

Seth Jacobs. America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and US Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 381. $22.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Andrew Preston

Wilson P. Dizard, Jr. Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the US Information Agency. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2004. Pp. xv, 255. $49–95 (US). Reviewed by Scott Lucas

Gunnar Skogmar. The United States and the Nuclear Dimension of European Integration. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xi, 331. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Mervyn O'Driscoll

Philippe Roger. The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti-Americanism, trans. Sharon Bowman. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xviii, 518. $.35.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Reid

Christopher Endy. Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2004; dist. Toronto: SBS. Pp. xii, 286. $32.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Frank Costigliola

David Easter. Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960–1966. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004. Pp. ix, 257. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Howard Dick

Richard K. Herrmann and Richard Ned Lebow, eds. Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation, and the Study of International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. viii, 248. $24.95 (US)? paper. Reviewed by William D.Jackson

James Barber. Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution, 1990–99. Athens: Ohio University Press and Oxford: James Currey, 2004. Pp. ix, 214. $24.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Jeremy Seekings

Anthony James Joes. Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004. Pp. 351. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Ian F. W. Beckett

Anne-Marie Slaughter. New World Order. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004. Pp. xviii, 341. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Tim Dunne

Ian Clark. Legitimacy in International Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 278. $90.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ian Hurd

Frederick Cooper. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 327. $19.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Dane Kennedy

Jack Goody. Capitalism and Modernity: The Great Debate. Cambridge and Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Polity Press, 2004. Pp. vii, 200. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Thomas D. Hall

David L. Rousseau. Democracy and War: Institutions, Norms, and the Evolution of International Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 384. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Miriam Fendius Elman

Michael Mann. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 580. $24.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Milton J. Esman     

二战对美国民权运动的影响

二战期间,为“四大自由”而战成为美国参战的官方目的。这使得美国的种族歧视和隔离问题比以往更为突出。虽然二战没有改变黑人问题在美国政治中的边缘地位,但二战反法西斯的战争性质以及战时经济的发展为黑人争取民权的斗争创造了更好的空间。二战冲击了白人种族主义对美国社会的控制,促进了黑人民权组织的发展,激发了黑人争取民权的战斗精神。     

Russian War Propaganda in the United States during the First World War

The article examines Russian governmental efforts to positively shape public opinion in the United States towards the Russian war effort. In late 1916, a small information service, the Nord-Ziud Agency, was established in New York with the task of influencing press coverage by supplying American publications with interesting and favorable information about Russia and its army. However, meager financial support, the unwillingness of the military authorities to frankly share information, and their failure to understand what would interest American readers all undercut this novel propaganda effort.     

二战前后德国历史研究中的民族主义

第二次世界大战结束以后,西方史学研究的理论和方法发生了根本性的转变。自50年代起,美国史学界率先开始的新史学运动倡导结构一功能主义的历史研究方法,主张用系列数据研究人类社会中的各种传统的——不仅政治、军事和宗教的,而且经济、社会及普通民众日常生活的——功能作用,以达到在“总体”上理解和叙述人类过去的全部经历的目的。由此,改变过去的以政治事件和伟大人物串连起历史的方法,