进一步加强与深化冷战国际史研究

毫无疑问,冷战国际史研究是当前国际学术界研究的一个热点问题与前沿问题.持续战后四十多年、被一些西方学者称为"第三次世界大战"的冷战刚刚结束二十余年,冷战造成的后果仍然在影响着世界许多国家以及国际格局的发展,新冷战的阴云也常常在世界上空飘荡,加之有关冷战的档案资料的大量解密,冷战国际史研究自然成为国际学术界研究的一个热点. 我国学术界对冷战史的研究自20世纪80年代中期起步,90年代中后期开始快速发展.特别是进入21世纪以来,随着华东师大冷战国际史研究中心的成立,一批造诣颇深的学者加盟,其冷战国际史档案资料库的建立,一些重大项目的组织与完成,相关国际学术会议、论坛的多次举办,把我国的冷战史研究推向高潮.     

史学新边疆:冷战环境史研究的缘起、内容和意义

冷战环境史学是基于美苏冷战对环境造成影响的现实问题和军事环境史学不断拓展的学术背景基础上形成的新的研究领域,也是冷战史学与环境史学转向、交叉的产物。在学科属性上,冷战环境史学是冷战史学和军事环境史学的独特分支。在研究方法上,它承继了军事环境史学的跨越民族国家界限与互动等研究方法,同时也吸取了冷战史研究所倚重的文献分析法。在研究内容上,现有研究主要关注冷战时期各国国防建设带来的环境变迁、战争与环境和地区局势的互动关系、中苏经济建设产生的环境问题及其影响、美国在第三世界的技术推广、环境与地缘政治之间的联系。开展跨国研究、强调环境问题与冷战态势的互动性研究、借助冷战史研究中使用的档案文献进行研究,是冷战环境史学的新趋向。但是,既有研究也存在资料发掘不够深入、过度拔高环境在冷战中的地位和作用等问题。因此,要进一步深化冷战环境史研究,就需要加强对原始资料的搜集和整理,考察研究对象的共性与个性问题。     

跨学科方法与冷战史研究

就研究方法而言,受兰克史学观念的影响,中国的冷战史研究长期以来以档案研究和传统叙事为主,急需跨学科理论与方法的引入。国际关系理论、文化研究方法和社会性别理论可以帮助冷战史学者提出新问题、发现新领域、挖掘新材料和建立新解释。跨学科理论和方法的引入不仅不会削弱冷战史的史学色彩,反而会加强冷战史的人文特性,并有助于建立起关于冷战史的新叙事。     

冷战中的中国与周边关系国际学术研讨会综述

冷战史是后冷战时期受到中国及国际学术界高度重视的研究领域。 2 0 0 2年 8月 6日至 8日 ,北京大学现代史料中心、华东师范大学国际冷战史研究中心及北京东城东方历史学会主办的冷战中的中国与周边关系国际学术研讨会在福建省武夷山市举行。来自中国、美国、日本、韩国的与会学者 ,围绕着冷战时期中国与周边国家关系的主题 ,进行了富有成果的学术交流。冷战时期中国与周边国家关系的历史回顾　　冷战时期中国与周边国家关系的演变和基本特点 ,同第二次世界大战对东亚的影响密不可分。张振江 (中山大学历史系 )的《美国与中苏关系 :以雅尔塔…     

“冷战史新研究”:源起、学术特征及其批判

国际学术界对冷战历史的研究从来就与“冷战”缠绕在一起 ,也正因为如此 ,形成了局限性甚强的冷战史“旧研究”。对“旧研究”的自省与冷战之遽终使J L 盖迪斯领风气之先的“冷战史新研究”应运而生。盖迪斯的反思浓缩了“冷战史新研究”的若干基本特征 ,如 :全新时空框架的获得 ;基于多边档案、资料进行研究的可能 ;真正意义上的国际冷战史研究格局的形成 ;意识形态的重新界定与重新认识等。此外 ,在“冷战史新研究”的形成过程中 ,中国学者贡献良多 ,已成长为一支不可忽视的研究力量 ;因此 ,“冷战史新研究”也折射出中外学术交流的基本困局 ,耐人深思。     

何为“冷战”?——西方英语学界关于“冷战”的界定与研究范畴的争论

“冷战”作为概念最初是指美苏之间“不是和平的和平”的状态。到了1947年下半年，杜鲁门政府将与苏联的“冷战”对抗作为美国对外干涉的战略。20世纪50年代中期，冷战对抗延伸到亚非拉国家。冷战时期西方学者就已经开始研究冷战，关注的是冷战的起源和两个超级大国的对抗。与冷战两极对立一样，学者们有关“冷战”的界定和范畴的观点泾渭分明，针锋相对。冷战时期的西方学者主要依赖美国档案，从事以美国为中心的冷战研究。冷战结束之后，美国之外的历史学家提出“冷战研究去中心化”的议题，希望不要仅仅从超级大国的视角来观察和研究冷战，提出强化对冷战时期超级大国对第三世界干涉的研究，这使冷战研究的地理范畴大大扩展，成为过去30多年冷战研究的一个热点。尽管有学者坚持认为，冷战是美国的国家项目，但事实上，冷战既是美国历史的一部分，也是全球史的一部分。     

近十年来美英两国学术界冷战史研究述评

冷战主宰了20世纪后半期的国际政治。在后冷战时期,许多国家的学者利用新获得的档案资料来仔细考察和重新评估冷战史。自从冷战国际史项目于1991年在伍德罗.威尔逊国际学者中心建立以来,冷战国际史这一概念,已经被广为接受。根据相关英文文献,对过去十年美英两国冷战史研究新发展、新动向以及冷战史研究现状,做一总结归纳。主要涉及以下几个方面:美国的主要冷战研究中心、研究冷战的资料来源和新的研究方法、学者们关注的热点问题及最新研究成果的介绍、英国冷战研究概况等。     

美国学术界关于冷战期间美国对外隐蔽行动的研究

在美国冷战史、外交史学界,有一个引人注目的、但至今未引起我国学界足够重视的研究领域①,即冷战期间美国的"隐蔽行动"政策与实践的研究②.开展并加强对这一问题的研究,可大大深化我国的冷战史研究,并具有较强的现实意义.本文将主要就美国学术界对冷战期间美国对外隐蔽行动研究作一梳理评述,以期为我国的研究提供一些资讯与借鉴.     

冷战后华人移民的跨国民族主义——以美国华人社会为例

冷战后,跨国主义、民族主义方兴未艾,而国际移民,特别是发展中国家的跨国移民及其民族主义倾向与表现正在成为移民研究的一个新视点。本文以美国华人社会为例,运用跨国主义的分析视角,探讨冷战后华人民族主义掀起的背景、主体、特征、局限与前景,从而说明海外华人民族主义的群体征象之于中国与居住国的双重影响和多种意义。     

试析冷战在中东的分期和特点

中东在美苏冷战中具有重要意义。中东的冷战可划为四个阶段:美国开始取代英法在中东的势力,苏联实现突破的努力失败;阿拉伯民族主义进入高潮,英法基本退出中东,美苏展开激烈角逐;英国彻底退出中东,苏联影响进一步增长,中东呈现不战不和局面;美国促成中东和平进程,苏联在阿拉伯世界的影响衰落。冷战在中东的主要特点如下:中东是除东欧外非两大阵营国家唯一与超级大国苏联有陆地接壤的地区,是美国遏制战略的前沿阵地;中东是冷战的发源地之一;中东成为美苏激烈争夺的地区,双方各有自己的战略;中东的局部战争和地区冲突延绵不断,并与冷战相互交织,而后者对阿拉伯世界的影响有限;冷战与中东起伏不定的民族主义相互影响;中东在冷战中诞生了高度敌视西方的极端伊斯兰主义。     

A generational attitude: young adults facing the economic crisis in Milan

Abstract

For almost 10 years there has been talk of the economic crisis affecting the European area, with more evident effects in the Mediterranean countries. Yet the expression ‘economic crisis’ has become too wide and blurred to be useful for describing how the current socio-economic conjuncture is affecting different categories of young people in different ways. Precariousness and reduced job opportunities, with their consequences for social mobility, constitute only the more explicit and raw evidence of the lived experience of the crisis among young people. Although families remain the all-solving institution, the consequences of the crisis are diversified according to the economic, cultural and social capital of each individual, to gender and generation position, and to subjective and contextualized perceptions. This article presents research conducted to investigate how young people living in the urban area of Milan locate, react, readapt and reinvent themselves in the present economic context by analysing their aspirations, expectations and practices. We develop a comparative analysis of the main structural bias (gender, education, social class position) in order to shed light on the effects and perceptions of the crisis among young people in the city of Milan.     

The consequences of nationalism: A scholarly exchange

The main thrust of the scholarship on nationalism has so far been concerned with its origins. But nationalism also has effects. Whether it underpins the nation-building efforts of states, is mobilised by counter-state forces or is used in everyday life, nationalism might implicate a wide range of substantive outcomes, including political regimes, public goods provision, citizenship and immigration laws, and different patterns of conflict. Yet—with a few notable exceptions—the consequences of nationalism have received significantly less scholarly attention. In response, the aim of this Exchange is to create a new dialogue between different strands of scholarship around what we know and do not know about the consequences of nationalism. We organise this Exchange around the following questions: (1) What is nationalism? (2) How can we measure nationalism? (3) What are the consequences of nationalism? (4) What are new research frontiers?     

Missing the Jackpot? The Proliferation of Gambling in Australia and its Effect on Local Communities

Research assessing the consequences of gambling proliferation fails to recognise the influence of local circumstances on its costs and benefits. The consequences of new gambling facilities need to be assessed at the community level. The introduction of poker machines to hotels in the South Australian town of Peterborough has exacerbated pre-existing socio-economic problems associated with the wider effects of the rural crisis. The growth of gambling worldwide requires new policies that reflect the current geographies of gambling.     

Socio-Psychological Structure of the Kuwaiti Society After the Gulf War

This study investigates the socio-psychological changes, which the 1990 Gulf war had afflicted on the Kuwaiti society. Specifically, the objective of the paper is fourfold: first, to uncover the positive and negative effects of the socio-psychological factors of the invasion and assess their consequences on the whole society; second, to quantify the extent and content of the problem; third, to scan the perimeter of the crisis and introduce the measures undertaken by the people and the government to combat the negative effects; and finally, to scrutinize the research techniques and refine the theoretical explanations that have been utilized in reaching the results of the study. In general, this paper documents the endeavor, which the State of Kuwait has achieved so far in alleviating the socio-psychological ills of the Iraqi aggression.     

Structural change and the single market programme: The case of the UK automotive component industry

This paper examines the Single Market Programme's (SMP) effects on restructuring in the UK automotive component industry. The SMP is found to have failed to remove impediments to restructuring, because of areas the programme did not address and because of an inertia to restructuring caused by existing structures and strategies in the multinational dominated industry. However, restructuring is found to be driven by Japanese car transplants, whose initial location decisions are strongly linked to the influence of the programme. The probability that the Japanese will benefit most from the programme has serious consequences for the distribution of effects of the SMP, raising important issues for policy‐makers and the component industries of the EU and UK.     

Indonesia and the tsunami: responses and foreign policy implications

Given the scale of destruction, and the international responses to the disaster, it has been clear from the outset that the tsunami in Aceh would also have far-reaching internal and external political consequences for Indonesia. Within Indonesia's domestic context, the disaster has forced the government to deal with the problems of xenophobia, the resolution of the Aceh conflict, and the imperative of good governance. The tsunami has also presented an opportunity for much closer bilateral relations between Indonesia and some key aid-providing nations, especially Australia, and the US. Despite some encouraging improvements in the aftermath of the disaster, the long-term effects of tsunami aid on Indonesia's relations with Australia and the US should not be taken for granted.     

Ecosystemic politics: Analyzing the consequences of speaking for adjacent nature on the global stage

This article introduces a conceptual framework for analysing and comparing the broader or unintended effects of cooperation anchored in border-crossing ecosystems. The importance of addressing this lacuna in our scholarship on such sub-global cooperation is underscored by research in political geography that has demonstrated how the creation of scale is an important expression of power relations and how interaction with the materiality of different kinds of spaces necessitates distinct political technologies (and thus may have distinct effects). The article introduces three key analytical angles central to policy field studies in international sociology and demonstrates their utility through a case of the Arctic/Arctic Council. These analytical angles – networks (what are the relationships shaping the field?), hierarchies (who leads and how does leadership work?), and norms for political behavior – capture key consequences and dynamics of ecosystemic politics in a concise fashion that lends itself to cross-case comparison. The Arctic case focuses on the changing network positions and roles of non-Arctic actors over time, as an initial exploration of the broader ordering effects of such forms of cooperation. The findings suggest that most non-Arctic actors have experienced a decline in their centrality in Arctic cooperation, even as the Arctic has received intensified global interest and the number of participants in Arctic Council work has increased. Further comparative work along these lines would leave us better equipped to assess whether states speaking for their own immediate environs is better – and if so, in which ways – than seeking common solutions to global challenges.     

Australia’s refugee policy: domestic politics and diplomatic consequences

ABSTRACT

Refugee policy involves a two-level game. For Australia since approximately 1998, the politics of refugees has been toxically affected by domestic politics. This has had potentially negative effects on Australia’s reputation and soft power. This article provides an overview of the issue, explores the ways in which considerations of domestic politics have come increasingly to shape Australia’s policy and concludes with a discussion of the consequences of Australia’s treatment of refugees for its diplomacy and soft power.     

Scientists and the media: the struggle for legitimacy in climate change and conservation science

Abstract

Despite the uncertainties associated with forecasts of the possible negative effects of climate change on natural environments, such research is often widely reported in the news media. Here we review the presentation in the UK news media and on the internet of an academic study published in Nature, forecasting future global extinctions as a result of climate change. The results and conclusions of the study were widely misrepresented, especially in the news media, to make the consequences seem more catastrophic and the timescale shorter. Representations of the original article on the internet were more variable, with several sites ranked highly on popular search engines being overtly critical of the underlying science. We suggest that such polarised representations of environmental science are indicative of a 'struggle for legitimacy' between environmentalist and anti-environmentalist groups, with potential negative consequences for public trust in science.     

The Responsibility of Science for the Future of Mankind

Abstract

Science and technology have brought immense benefits to man, yet through them he has become divorced from nature and he has failed to understand them. Adverse effects have been deliberately hidden, and when they became obvious, have turned science into a scapegoat. Scientists are here presented as unconcerned with the social consequences of their work, whether it affects industry or politics. The endless scientific future is now seen to have strict limits, and, the author proposes, scientists must devote themselves to the problems of mankind's future. Above all, scientists must explain their work in a language which all can understand, so that man can feel again at ease in his scientific civilization.