Ceramics,settlements and Late Iron Age migrations

Summary The Late Iron Age Luangwa pottery tradition represents some matrilineal Western Bantu speakers, with an origin in a Forest Neolithic, who moved into parts of Central Africa previously occupied by patrilineal Eastern Bantu speakers, represented by the Chifumbaze Complex. Eastern Bantu speaking Nguni and Sotho-Tswana probably had their Early Iron Age origins in a Urewe facies in southern Tanzania, and their movement into South Africa appears to have been connected with the Late Iron Age spread of the Luangwa tradition.

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Résumé La tradition céramique Luangwa de l'âge du fer récent est la manifestation archéologique des gens matrilinéaires qui parlaient des langues Bantu occidentales. Ces gens, originaires d'une Néolithique des forêts, pénétraient des régions de l'Afrique central dominées jusqu'ici par des gens patrilinéaires, qui parlaient des langues Bantu orientales et qui sont représentés archéologiquement par le complexe Chifumbaze. Les origines des gens Nguni et Sotho-Tswana, qui parlent des langues Bantu orientales, sont vraisemblablement à chercher à l'âge du fer ancien dans un faciès Urewe du sud tanzanien. L'immigration de ces gens dans l'Afrique du Sud semble avoir été liée à la diffusion de la tradition Luangwa.

     

New Year's Day in Scotland, 1909

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Contesting land,creating community,in the Highlands and Islands,Scotland

This paper draws on research in four communities in the Highlands and Islands, Scotland, to explore how the notion of community and community identity are re‐worked in the political spaces created as communities claim collective rights to land. In the cases of the Assynt Crofters’ Trust, the Bhaltos Community Trust, and Laid, this has concerned land under crofting tenure; in the case of the claim of the North Sutherland Community Forestry Trust, the land on which the Naver Forests stand is the responsibility of the Scottish Ministers and is managed by Forest Enterprise. The four case studies differ with respect to membership and institutional practices and thus provide fertile ground on which to examine, comparatively, collective struggles for the land and the search for sustainable futures.     

Counselling in rural Scotland: care,proximity and trust

People living in small rural communities tend to interact with each other in multiple aspects of their lives and are generally less anonymous to one another than those living in urban places. This density of social connectedness tends to militate against the boundaries normally associated with professionalised forms of care. This article explores how these tensions are negotiated by people who have developed local counselling services in two rural areas in Scotland. Counselling is becoming increasingly widely used as a response to a variety of forms of distress and is argued to constitute a modern urban and feminised form of care. However, notwithstanding its urban origins and associations, people in some rural places in Scotland have successfully arranged for training to be delivered locally to men as well as women. Nevertheless they recognise that for many rural residents, counselling continues to be alien and viewed with suspicion. They describe how they protect the identities of service-users using locational and social network strategies. They also discuss the issues that flow from the challenges of providing well-boundaried relationships. In so doing they point to an inverse relationship between social proximity and trust, thereby supplementing existing accounts of the disadvantages of social proximity in rural places.     

内蒙古敖汉旗新石器时代聚落形态研究

敖汉旗位于内蒙古自治区赤峰市东南部,地理坐标为北纬41°42'～43°02'、东经119°30'～120°53',总面积8294.14平方公里,地处燕山山脉东段之努鲁儿虎山脉北麓,科尔沁沙地南缘,地形较为复杂,南部为低山丘陵区,中部为黄土丘陵区,北部为沙漠平原区,地势西南高,东北低,海拔350～800米左右,最高山峰海拔1255米,相对高度100～300米左右.     

Rural-Urban Relations,Household Income Diversification and Agricultural Productivity

Does rising income from agriculture drive the growth of nonfarm activities, or does increased income from nonfarm activities spur the growth of agriculture? This paper looks at the role of nonfarm income in enabling smallholders to raise agricultural output and productivity. Based on data from a sample of farm households near Kutus town in the Kirinyaga district of Kenya, it examines these issues by looking at the use of resources for farm production, the risks attached to alternative ways of raising output and productivity, and the household's propensity to accept risk as a function of the extent to which it is able to draw on liquid assets or diversified sources of income. The authors argue that nonfarm income provides households with a form of insurance against the risks of farming, and thus enables them to adopt new production methods and raise output. They argue further that a key factor in creating opportunities for rural households to earn nonfarm income is the presence of vibrant small towns nearby.     

Household Archaeology in the Southeastern United States: History,Trends, and Challenges

This review highlights archaeological investigations of prehistoric and historic households in southeastern North America. There are a number of inherent challenges to the archaeology of households in the region, including generally poor preservation and a long history of relatively insubstantial domestic architecture. An appraisal of the historical development of household archaeology developed slowly in the Southeast, largely in reaction to trends in other areas of the world. Over the last decade, however, southeastern archaeologists have been at the vanguard of the application of new approaches to households. From an early focus on generalizable patterns of domestic activities and behavior, researchers increasingly view households as historical constructs situated within larger landscapes. Prominent areas of concern include enduring issues such as status variation, production, and consumption but also newer themes such as gender, identity and ethnicity, agency and power, and ritual and symbolism. Some of the most innovative studies explore the intersections of these topics. Conceptual and methodological challenges remain, but the household endures as a practical and productive focus of analysis and interpretation for southeastern archaeologists more than 30 years after household research in the area began.     

Development and the environment: Perception and opinion in St Andrews,Scotland

In 2003, three proposals were being mediated through the planning system in the peri‐urban environment of St Andrews, Fife: a large housing development, a rail link, and a Green Belt. Using questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews with key stakeholders, we investigate the ways in which diverse conceptions of ‘the environment’ shaped public reactions to these proposals, and evaluate the fit between these and the respondents’ stated environmental perceptions. 98% of local residents surveyed describe themselves as ‘concerned about the environment’. However, large majorities conceive of the environment as a local rather than a global phenomenon, and regard it primarily in terms of personal benefits (such as landscape aesthetics or traffic considerations). By exploring the environmental perceptions in the light of the planning proposals, the study supports the contention that the ‘local environment’ is a socially constructed phenomenon which can be fashioned and re‐fashioned according to local perceptions of threats and opportunities.