Research briefing

Although pharmacies play an important role in providing information and advice on health issues to lower income people in developing countries, the distribution of urban pharmacies is not balanced with respect to population distribution in some of the districts of Istanbul. This situation can severely limit the accessibility of pharmacy services to the people with lower socio‐economic background. A multiple regression analysis is used in order to find out the factors which affect the spatial distribution of pharmacies in Istanbul. The number of pharmacies in the districts considered is taken as the dependent variable and the number of hospital beds, physicians, population, employment, income, number of educated people and distance to the CBD are taken as independent variables. According to the results, the population of the districts and the number of educated people, physicians and hospital beds are the most important factors affecting the location of pharmacies in Istanbul. The other variables are not found significant in affecting the location of pharmacies at the metropolitan level. Suggestions are made for better distribution of pharmacies and for further research.     

清水河县牛龙湾遗址调查简报

1998年7月中旬,为配合万家寨水库工程建设,在清水河县岔河口遗址进行考古发掘期间,对周边地区进行了考古调查,在窑沟乡牛龙湾村南发现了一处古文化遗址。现将调查情况简报如下。 一、地理位置与遗址慨况 牛龙湾遗址位于清水河县西部,南流黄     

欧洲的中石器时代

中石器时代是旧石器向新石器时代的过渡,美洲这一阶段被称为古代期(the Archaic Period)。但是,中石器时代概念在中国仍未被普遍接受,可能是由于以下原因:(1)意识形态倾向,选择西方学术概念有时犹如选择党派和信仰。(2)习用的类型学、地层学、年代学和文化面貌上难以对这一时段做统一界定和比较研究。(3)我国旧石器和新石器时代分属不同的研究机构和领域,使得这一重要的转变时期被忽视。(4)新旧两个石器时代"成就"可观,文化特征鲜明,而中石器文化则乏善可陈。结果,全新世初的所有遗址都被归入"新石器时代"。中石器时代是考古学三大战略性课题之一——农业起源研究的关键时段,近来见证了我国学界对这一"过渡期"关注的升温。不管我们对中石器时代这个术语是否认同,但是国际学界研究的进展可以为我们提供诸多启示:(1)过去这一时代以细石器、弓箭和狗的驯养为标志,但目前只是一个时间概念,是指冰后期全新世开始到和农业引入之间的一段渔猎采集适应,表现为一种与新旧石器时代十分不同的广谱革命。(2)柴尔德早就用农业革命来定义新石器时代,并被国际学界一致认同。因此我国新石器时代的开始也应采取经济学而非器物学的标准。(3)该时代是冰后期人类对环境巨变的重新适应,各地气候环境差异极大,适应方式也极其多样,文化面貌复杂,发展极不平衡,因此单靠类型学的器物分析已不能胜任这一课题的研究。(4)各地从狩猎采集向农业的过渡差异很大,时间的长短也各不相同。黄河与长江中下游可能是旱地作物和稻作起源的主要区域,过渡期可能较短,而北方寒冷地带(农作物难以生长)和华南热带地区(野生资源丰富)农业可能出现很迟。(5)应该重视文化生态学的生计适应和人地互动研究,探究不同地区是如何从狩猎采集向农业经济转变的。(6)农业起源是一个漫长的过程,贯穿着人类在整个中石器时代的适应性调节,我们应该设法了解不同地区的先民是如何根据当地的不同生态环境条件,慢慢驯化或引入动物和农作物,进而完成经济转型的。     

Teaching European Identities

Under fiscal pressure and grappling with technological transformations, more and more universities are attempting to re-invent themselves as technologically facilitated educational institutions, fast and flexible enough for networking times. The adoption of new instructional technologies poses challenges to universities and education as we know it. This paper considers the educational challenges and opportunities offered by sociotechnical networks such as the Internet. Using the case of a second-year undergraduate course on globalisation, it outlines some practical educational possibilities for using the Internet that might facilitate, instead of compromise, critical thinking. It suggests that geography educators need to begin developing a critical technoliteracy that will respond to our informationally mediated world, a literacy not merely of technical competence but one which contextualises the Internet within a political economy of globalisation and continuously deconstructs, destablises and displaces its presentation as a spectacle and cyber-utopia.     

European Insiders Inside Washington

Pascaline Winand. Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the United States of Europe . New York: St. Martin's Press.
D iplomatic H istory , Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter 1996).     

Positioning European Spatial Planning

The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) is being described as 'inter-governmental'. The original initiative was for a Community spatial strategy for the delivery of the Structural Funds. Coming from France, it met with opposition. So it was that the successive six-monthly Presidencies of the EU took turns in managing the process. In truth, however, without Commission support the ESDP would not have come about. Now that the ESDP is on the books, the Commission is claiming a leadership role. Taking a position on this, one needs to view spatial planning against the backdrop of general thinking about European integration. Positions in the literature are often presented as polar opposites, like that of 'neo-functionalists' putting faith in integration on the one hand and that of 'realists' emphasizing the continuing dominance of nation states on the other hand. However, a growing body of literature is not about these 'grand theories', but about the actual workings of European institutions. It takes a middle ground and invokes concepts which planning writers are accustomed to, like networks, discourses and governance. From this literature it appears that mutual learning, a feature also of the ESDP process, is common in European integration. European spatial planning must be seen as part and parcel of an emergent system of European multi-level governance. In it, power is exerted at multiple levels of government. Denying the Community a spatial planning role is not realistic, therefore.     

混搭更美! 欧式建筑在中国

<正>闲逛澳门街头,细品葡式建筑风格"当音乐和传说都已沉默时,建筑却还在歌唱。"建筑,可能是文化传承的最好见证和整饬。澳门作为一个被葡萄牙统治110余年之久的中国地域,虽然已回归祖国10余年,但是一幢幢风格各异的经典建筑,依然矗立街头。澳门建筑随处体现了葡式建筑的风情,体现了东西方建筑艺术的完美结合和异国风情的文化景致。澳门建筑风情无处可比。     

The European Sky-God.

Traditional beliefs and customs concerning pregnancy and childbirth are still numerous and vivid in Romania and among Romanian inhabitants in neighbouring countries. Fieldwork on this theme carried out over several decades has resulted in a large body of material showing the special position of a pregnant woman in traditional Romanian society. This paper deals specifically with Moldovan birth tradition and concentrates on society's view of the pregnant woman and her unborn child as indicated by the large variety of beliefs and traditions aimed at protecting her and her child. It is evident from this material, that both the prospective mother and society are expected to be aware of, and to engage with, traditional precepts concerning the healthy development of the foetus and the achievement of an unblemished birth. It is also clear that the role and influence of the former untrained midwife in the magical protection of the mother and her child are still part of cultural memory in Moldova. The idea that a pregnant woman has the ability to bring rain in times of drought seems to emanate from a traditional perception of her as embodying fertility powers linked or analogous to the earth's germinative capacity.