The contested Jacksonian legacy

John Hughlings Jackson has since the early twentieth century occupied the position of the doyen of British neurology. Among those who knew him personally and claimed allegiance to his legacy were the leading neurological practitioners, Henry Head (1861-1940) and Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937). In terms of their professional profiles and attitudes Head and Kinnier Wilson had much in common. They however interpreted the Jacksonian legacy in divergent ways that illustrate how the content and import of Jackson's views were subject to interpretation and to contestation among those who claimed to be his disciples.     

Arafat's legacy,Abbas's challenges

The death of Yasser Arafat in November 2004 left much more than a set of job vacancies: as ‘Mr Palestine’, Arafat had come to embody the Palestinian cause, but also, due to the nature of his rule, left his successor Mahmoud Abbas with a list of major political and economic challenges. Chief among these is the Palestine Authority's relations with Israel and the need to return quickly to the negotiating table. But linked to the peace process are the conflicting challenges from Abbas's various domestic contenders, including from a new ‘young guard’ in the territories, a predominantly ‘old guard’ in the diaspora, and from Islamist groups—not to mention the problems stemming from the dire state of the Palestinian economy. This article examines these issues as both a legacy of Yasser Arafat and as a set of interconnected problems that will complicate Abbas' political manoeuvring in the coming months and years.     

The legacy of the Wernicke-Lichtheim model

Wernicke established an integrated model of the relation between higher cognitive functions and neurophysiological structure of the human brain in 1874. The previous Bouillaud/Broca view envisaged a mosiac map of centres for specific functions, each of which had no clear inter-relation with other centres or with input/output pathways, and with no theoretical explanation of how each centre operated in relation to more basic neural elements. Wernicke's model overcame these objections, and, with Lichtheim's systematization in 1885, the "Wernicke-Lichtheim model" became the standard neuropsychological theory. In this model, each normal higher function is explained in terms of an underlying neural pathway that includes the input/output systems, related functions employ portions of the pathways used for other functions, pathological syndromes are explained by reference to where in the pathway damage occurred, and previously unobserved pathological syndromes can be predicted. Development of the model at the hands of Lissauer, Dejerine, Liepmann, Geschwind, Heilman, and Ellis and Young is traced.     

古希腊乌托邦思想的起源与演变

乌托邦思想是古希腊重要文化遗产之一。它源于荷马史诗,发展并成熟于古典时代后期与希腊化时代之初,先后出现了三种主要的类型。其一是神话乌托邦,即诗人笔下所反映的人类对美好生活及境界的向往,具有神话传说的性质。其二是政治乌托邦,即立足于对现实城邦的改造和重建,但其理想严重脱离实际,无法实现。其三是自然乌托邦或远地乌托邦,即将人类生活的美景嵌置于遥远的海外孤岛之上。正是这类乌托邦故事与柏拉图式的乌托邦理想对后世、特别是16世纪以来的社会空想家产生了重要影响。     

马克思现代性批判的三重维度

马克思现代性批判不是单向度的线性推进,而是在三个相互连接层面上的有序布展。其具体表现为:以异化劳动为尺度的现代性伦理批判;以分工为基础的现代性实证批判;以资本为核心的现代性本质批判。     

Kennedy's international legacy,fifty years on

This article explores historical assessments of the foreign policy of President John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated fifty years ago. It traces the evolution of JFK historiography from the uncritical so‐called ‘Camelot’ school to harsh revisionist critiques in the 1980s and 1990s, and on to the current ‘third wave’ of scholarship. The article focuses in particular on new work concerning JFK's handling of the Berlin and Cuba superpower crises, his role in expanding the United States’ involvement in Vietnam (and whether blame for this war can be assigned to him) and larger questions about his approach to the danger of nuclear holocaust and the possibility of defusing Cold War tensions. The conclusion to the article examines his various peace‐seeking initiatives in the months following the Cuban Missile Crisis, and suggests that Kennedy may have been turning towards a more critical view of American Cold War politics when he was killed in Dallas in November 1963.     

Reinterpreting a Textile Tradition: David McDiarmid's Ecstatic and Utopian Klub Kwilt

Abstract

Appropriating traditional American quilting patterns, and the homely communal ambience of the quilt, self-proclaimed queer artist David McDiarmid proposes in his work, Klub Kwilt (1979), an inter-racial, queer 'community' with its own uniquely appropriate community artefacts. Klub Kwilt is a shiny, reflective art work made in what was then a new synthetic material — laser-etched Mylar. The artist's intention was to materialize and affirm in this work the utopian and ecstatic impulses of the New York gay male, black and Hispanic, underground dance club, Paradise Garage. The utopian world McDiarmid evokes — in a knowing, camp embrace of the synthetic, the showy and the excessive — is one of sexual and musical ecstasy, inter-racial resonance and visual and aural opulence.     

Scotland's wartime airfields: Conflict and legacy

Prior to the outbreak of World War 2 there were very few active military airfields in Scotland but with the end of Appeasement in 1938 a major programme of expansion was underway. This paper traces the origins of the airfields used in World War 2 and discusses wartime roles and duties undertaken. Spatial distribution and socio‐economic effects are considered along with post‐war uses of this substantial legacy.     

South Africa: a legacy of family disruption

This article draws together unusual characteristics of the legacy of apartheid in South Africa: the state-orchestrated destruction of family life, high rates of unemployment and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The disruption of family life has resulted in a situation in which many women have to fulfil the role of both breadwinner and care giver in a context of high unemployment and very limited economic opportunities. The question that follows is: given this crisis of care, to what extent can or will social protection and employment-related social policies provide the support women and children need?     

The science and scientific legacy of Operation Chastise

Abstract

Operation Chastise, more often known as the 'Dambusters raids', was one of the most audacious aerial military operations of the Second World War, in that it made use of operationally untested technical innovations under extreme logistical constraints. Of particular interest is the scientific environment in which the mission was implemented. Here I review the principal scientific innovations that were necessary for the realisation of the mission. These went beyond the rotating depth charge itself. Simple but nevertheless ingenious methods for altitude and range finding were devised for low altitude flying, and the new system of two stage blue day–night flying was implemented for simulated night flying. Even drugs to combat airsickness during low altitude flight in turbulence were tested. The diverse technical expertise that was necessary for the original idea to be transformed into a logistical reality in less than three months provides a particularly lucid instance of effective scientific management in a framework of rapid technological change. I also describe an expedition inspired by these developments, which fifty years on used a dedicated low altitude night flying microlight aircraft (the Barnes Wallis Moth Machine) to catch insects over a rainforest canopy, illustrating the legacies that such missions can leave.     

Karl Marx's theory of history: A defense

A wave of recent publication connected to Hugh Trevor-Roper offers cause to take stock of his life and legacy. He is an awkward subject because his output was so protean, but a compelling one because of his significance for the resurgence of the history of ideas in Britain after 1945. The article argues that the formative period in Trevor-Roper's life was 1945–57, a period curiously neglected hit her to. It was at this time that the pioneered a history of ideas conceived above all as the study of European liberal and humanist tradition. Analysis of the relative importance of contemporary and early modern history in his oeuvre finds that, while the experience of Hitler and the Cold War was formative, it was not decisive. Trevor-Roper was at heart an early modernist who did not abjure specialization. However, he insisted that specialized study must be accompanied by “philosophical” reflection on the working sofa constant human nature present throughout history, a type of reflection best pursued by reading classical historians such as Gibbon and Burckhardt. Yet this imperative in turn fostered purely historical research into the history of historical writing–another branch of the history of ideas.