烟草、罂粟在清代山东的扩种及影响

烟草是清初引种山东的,由于其利甚溥而很快地推广;罂粟在山东早有栽培,但先前仅系观赏或药用,需求量少,种植甚微,清末期才在山东扩大种植。烟草与罂粟的种植不仅给广大吸食者带来严重的身心危害,也对粮棉生产造成了一定影响。一、清中后期烟草的引种及其主要产地明中叶传入中国南方的烟草,因天启初调用南兵征辽而逐渐北传,“二十年来,北土亦多种之”①。不过,此说太笼统,山东省明时种烟与否并不清楚。最早明确记载山东引种烟草的是清朝顺治四年（1647）,兖州府滋阳县（今兖州市）“城西三十里颜村店史家庄创种”烟草,其后相习…     

新洲棉花种植回眸

解放之后,棉花成为重要战略物资,政府大力鼓励种棉,新洲棉花生产曾为国家作出了重要贡献。1974年,新洲单产总产双超历史,亩均产皮棉159斤,棉花单产再次蝉联全国第一,总产4756万斤。一座棉花丰碑1949年,新洲县（当时的行政建制为县）棉田面积21.23万亩,亩均产皮棉仅23斤。1952年,棉田面积达27.48万亩,亩均产皮棉41斤。     

兴办合作社

1952年,陈永贵领导的互助组已发展到49户,那时,《中国共产党中央委员会关于农业生产互助合作的决议》发表后,村民们纷纷要求入社.1953年2月,大寨办起了新胜初级农业生产合作社.全社30户,140口人,男全半劳力36个,女全半劳力41个.入社土地448亩,人均3.2亩,其中集体耕地365.8亩,自留地82.2亩,耕牛15头,毛驴12头,羊143只.陈永贵任社主任,贾承让任会计.当年,全村平均亩产250斤,其中农业社平均亩产362斤,互助组平均亩产236斤,单干户平均亩产204斤,粮食总产20.3280万斤,比1952年增长5.5%,售粮4.5万斤,超额48.3%,完成粮食征购任务的两倍多.全村总收入1.7276万元,人均40.5元,其中农业社人均收入59.9元.     

古代山东的茶

<正>《山东省种植业的过去与将来》认为山东现有茶树品种三十余个,均为解放后引自皖、浙一带,其实,清初山东已经种茶,“茶,莱阳县出”,见(顺治)《登州府志·物产》,但不知是何品种。清末,诸城县生产茉莉花茶,(宣统)《山东通志·物产》记载:“茉莉,请城人业此,分销各处,然不及闽广所产”,宣统三年《中国年鉴》记烟台青岛清末输出货物中也有红     

北疆植棉和地膜棉的起始及推广

1994年新疆棉花特大丰收,实现了种植面积、总产、单产、人均占有量、质量和调拨量全国六个第一。总产值达90亿元,产值已超过了石油,一跃成为新疆第一支柱产业。昌吉回族自治州的棉花大县──玛纳斯县也同样发了棉花财。全县棉花播种25万亩．总产17454吨,仅棉花一项收入1,6亿元,占全县农业总收入的59·49％,人均增收1200元。棉花成为该县面积最大、收获最高的作物。全疆和玛纳斯县棉花高产丰收的取得,饮水要思源。在民国期间,新疆种植棉花的地区仅在南疆的吐鲁番、阿克苏、喀什等地区,在北疆只有伊犁产棉花,但产量不多,其余地方…     

互联网背景下山东旅游推广难点与策略

伴随着交通行业及互联网技术的不断发展,旅游行业已经进入大众化旅游的发展阶段。山东作为旅游大省,虽然具有丰富的旅游资源,但因为宣传推广工作的限制,自身知名度难以得到有效提升,极大地限制了旅游产业的发展。因此,山东省需要紧紧抓住互联网技术的发展趋势,通过多样化的举措,不断发挥互联网技术的推广作用,提升山东省旅游行业的知名度。基于此,本文将分析山东旅游产业发展现状,阐述互联网技术在山东旅游产业发展中的作用,指出互联网背景下山东旅游推广中的工作难点,提出互联网背景下山东旅游推广工作开展建议,以供参考。     

1958年我干了一件“蠢事”

1958年,我在安徽省潜山县农业局工作。有一天,领导找我说：“前两天,地委有位部长看了我县模范乡新光高级社的一块早稻高产样板田,他跟县委领导打招呼,说枞阳县那块亩产1．3万斤的早稻,收割前他去看过,长得还没有这块田早稻好。这块田早稻,亩产两三万斤,看来没有问题。     

饥荒岁月琐记

1959年冬至1961年夏，是我国的“三年困难时期”，那时我16岁左右，处于初中到高中阶段，当时那些凄惨景象，深深刻印在我的头脑中。至今仍挥之不去。进入1959年下半年，大炼钢铁的场面没有了．为“亩产稻谷6万斤，亩产红薯20万斤”（宣传标语）报喜的锣鼓声停止了，“三年超英，十年赶美”的口号喊得少了，随之而来的是物资匮乏和饥荒。     

中国各省省名之由来

山东:以在太行山之东而得名。唐大部分属河南道;宋设京东路;元设山东东西道;明置山东省,后改山东布政使司;清改山东省,省名至今未变。山西:以在太行山之西而得名。唐大部分属河东道;宋设河东路;元设山西河东道,为山西得名的开始;明置山西省,后改山西布政使司;清改山西省,省名至今未变。河南:以在黄河之南而得名。西汉即有河南郡,为河南得名的开始。唐大部分属河南道;宋设京畿路和京西北路;金改南京路;元设河南江北省和河南江北道;明置河南省,后改河南布政使司;清改河南省,省名至今未变。河北:以在黄河之北而得名。唐大部分属河北道,为河北得…     

明清时期珠江三角洲津渡变迁研究

明清时期的珠江三角洲河湖密布,津渡是其重要交通方式之一。本文统计了珠江三角洲地方志中的津渡记录,利用ArcGIS可视化等方法,考察了期间区域内的津渡变迁情况。明中后期至清末近400年间,珠江三角洲津渡数量总体呈增加之势,其中清后期增速较快;津渡分布中心具有逐步向海岸线方向推进的空间特征,并在清后期形成了以番禺县为中心,以东莞、新会、香山县为副中心的区域分布格局。究其原因,主要有三:滩涂扩张与海岸线南移,民众生存空间得以拓展;河床淤积与河流易道改变了通航条件,使津渡交通分布的空间格局发生变化;商品经济的流通、农作物保鲜技术的进步和文化的交流,为津渡交通的发展提供了多重动力。     

Poverty in the South and in the North

This article presents statistics and literature on poverty and inequality in and between the South and North. The main discussion is focused on identifying which years poverty and inequality increased in the UK and US, and to give some tentative reasons for this. The objectives are to show the difference in the use of the term 'poverty', the magnitude of 'poverties' in various parts of the world, and the consequences of government policies in the North. The experiences of particularly the UK and US contain lessons that may be useful for policy formation to alleviate poverty and inequality in the South.     

Iranian Studies in the United Kingdom in the Twentieth Century

This essay provides a general introductory survey of Iranian and Iran-related studies in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century (including languages, literature, and the arts), with a very brief preliminary foray into earlier Iran-related scholarship and wide-ranging imaginations of Iran in Britain and Ireland, as well as some concluding remarks on contemporary knowledge production about Britain in Iran. Among other themes covered in the essay are the varied contributions of non-Britons and non-Irish to Iran-related scholarship and imaginations in the United Kingdom, underscoring the overall transnational production, dissemination, reception, and utilization of knowledge (history, geography, archaeology, cultures, ethnography and anthropology, art and architecture, Iran-related Persian-language literatures and poetry, etc.). In particular, the essay highlights the contributions made by individuals from, and institutions in, the Indian subcontinent to “British” scholarship and knowledge about Iran.     

Florentine networks in the Middle East in the early Renaissance

By crossing data from Florentine collections with notarial records produced in Egypt and Syria, this article focuses on the Florentine trading networks operating in the eastern Mediterranean during the fifteenth century. It highlights two factors influencing Florence’s long-distance trade in the area: political unrest characteristic of Italian Renaissance cities, and the scant interest of the Florentine government in building diplomatic and commercial institutions. Initially woven by exiled merchant-bankers and offshore companies, the network reconfigured towards the middle of the century around a group of entrepreneurs based in Rhodes, who were deeply entrenched in local finance and in business with the Islamic cities. The article provides a more complex view of relations between government institutions and Mediterranean long-distance trade by approaching the rise of the Medici in Florentine politics and their handling of the network.     

Spatial Planning in the Network Society-Rethinking the Principles of Planning in the Netherlands

The Dutch planning system rejoices a very positive reputation in the international academic planning literature. Yet both the conceptual orientation and the institutional practices of Dutch planning are eroded. New institutional practices have emerged that effectively form a 'shadow structure' to the official planning system, eroding both its effectiveness and legitimacy. The article suggests that this instititutional development is to be understood against the background of larger processes of social change to which the system has so far not responded: the coming 'network society'. In light of this analysis it is suggested that Dutch planning could enhance both its effectiveness and legitimacy by reconsidering some of the basic features of the planning system.     

略谈宋元时期山东地区瓷器手工业的磁州窑因素

磁州窑系是宋元时期北方地区最大的民窑体系。本文从山东地区发现的磁州窑系瓷器入手,分析了山东地区磁州窑输入瓷器的分期特点,以及磁州窑对于山东地区制瓷工业的影响,并探讨了发生这种影响的原因。     

Philhellenism in Italy: political friendship and the Italian volunteers in the Mediterranean in the nineteenth century

Italy offers a particularly important vantage point for understanding the force of philhellenism in nineteenth-century Europe. Tracing the contribution of Italians to the struggles for Greek independence from the war of 1820?-?21 to the war between Greece and Turkey in 1897, this article shows how Italian support for the philhellenist cause illustrates the internationalist context of Risorgimento nationalism. After Unification the philhellenist cause offered the opportunity to continue the tradition of volunteers enlisting to fight against tyranny and oppression abroad. This culminated in the volunteer expedition to fight with the Greeks against the Turks in 1897 led by Ricciotti Garibaldi - son of the hero of Italian Unification. But that expedition also marked the end of the nineteenth-century international volunteer movement. In Italy many socialists and nationalists were opposed to it, in part because it was seen as a diversion from political struggles that needed to be fought at home and in part because the project of the nation in arms was less and less realistic in the context of late nineteenth-century geopolitics. But at its height, the international volunteer movement - to which Italy made a major contribution - was an act of political idealism that drew on appeals to the unity of Greco-Latin civilization.     

隋末安徽农民起义简论

隋末安徽农民起义,起于隋末至于唐初,贯穿于隋朱农民大起义的前后;遍及淮河南北、江淮之间及江南州县;其中,两淮区域是重点.作为隋末农民大起义的一个重要组成部分,它对动摇并改造隋末役重劳民而生产力受到严重破坏的暴政、以及由此调整封建生产关系,具有一定的历史推动作用.     

A Gothia in the Hellespont in the early eighth century

Abstract

Alexander Kazhdan has recently brought to light a fascinating passage in the Commentary on Gregory of Nazianzos' Poems by Cosmas of Jerusalam, an obscure and little read text. While my interpretation of the passage differs from the one proposed by Prof. Kazhdan, the credit for its discovery belongs entirely to him.     

宣化辽墓壁画所见之茶具考

本文结合《茶经》等文献记述,对河北宣化辽墓壁画中所见之茶具作了考辨,并对其时北地饮茶之俗的流播、自身的地域特色及古人的"一器多用"现象作了探讨。     

乾隆朝清宫十八罗汉唐卡名相解析

藏、汉两地佛教经典及佛学之传播,直承印度晚出之大乘佛学,但罗汉信仰却在两地佛教中均占一席之地,尤其是于汉藏两地家喻户晓的十六罗汉(后演绎成十八罗汉),不仅与佛和菩萨一样成为信徒崇拜的对象,而且以之为题材的绘塑作品更是广泛流传,及至帝廷内苑亦多有供奉收藏。清乾隆时期为安抚蒙藏势力而极力推崇藏传佛教,此信仰尤以宫中为盛,帝室庋藏、绘制及供奉有大量藏风浓郁的十六或十八罗汉唐卡组画,其名称、图像特征、排列顺序乃至绘画风格等与清官旧藏的内地各派罗汉图相比,同中存异。乾隆帝及藏传佛教大师们在对藏密佛像进行大规模系统化与规范化的同时,也涉及了汉藏两地十分流行的十六、十八罗汉,并在此基础上逐渐形成了具有乾隆时期清宫特色的十八罗汉图像标准。