IMAGES DES ETATS-UNIS DANS LE ROMAN QUEBECOIS MODERNE (IMAGES OF THE UNITED STATES IN CONTEMPORARY QUEBEC NOVELS)

Although most Quebec novelists are not preoccupied with the United States, the presence of the huge southern neighbour makes itself felt now and again. One is struck by the similarities in the images of the U.S. when it does appear in literature: Quebec novelists seem to see it as a powerful attraction and as a dangerous threat. Three novels, representing three different approaches, illustrate this point: Ringuet's Thirty Acres, Roger Lemelin's The Plouffe Family and Anne Hébert's Kamouraska (other novels are cited where relevant in the original paper).

The attraction of the U.S. is most oftén presented in French-Canadian literature by the theme of escape, frequently for economic reasons. Ringuet's novel explores the reasons for large immigrations southward, and in so doing exposes the myth of the “easy” life in the U.S. versus a “hard” life in the North (cf. Maria Chapdelaine). But the novel shows how misleading this myth can be: once Quebeckers taste the bitterness of economic depression in the U.S. in the 1930's, they begin to look back to the North with the same kind of illusions of economic independence which brought them South.     

VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS AS AGENTS IN THE BECOMING OF PLACE

Field work observations, and questionnaires returned by members of three voluntary organizations for rural women in Australia, New Zealand and Canada, are used to explore the links between place-based communities, voluntary organizations, and the development of personal identity. The selected organizations have now been in existence for several generations. They offer individuals the opportunity to make a commitment of time, money, and skills to their local community. A loyalty to the organization may develop that is a vehicle for loyalty to place. Comments from participants in this survey indicate that many feel that they have grown as individuals through these commitments.
Les observations faites sur le terrain et les questionnaires renvoye's par les rnembres de trois organisations bénévoles pour la population féminine rurale en Australie, à la Nouvelle Zélande et au Canada sont utilisés pour expliquer les liens entre les communautés locales, les organisations bénévoles et le développement de l'identité personnelle. Les organisations sélectionnées existent depuis plusieurs générations. Elles offrent aux personnes la possibilité de s'engager en donnant de leur temps, de leur argent et de leurs aptitudes à leur communauté locale. Une loyauté envers l'organisation peut se développer, ce qui devient un véhicule pour développer une loyauté envers l'endroit. Les commentaires faits par les participants à cette enquête indiquent que beaucoup pensent qu'ils ont grandi en tant qu'individus à cause de ces engagements.     

INSCAPE: LANDSCAPES OF THE MIND IN THE CANADIAN AND MEXICAN NOVELS OF MALCOLM LOWRY

Positive 'sense of place' in the regional novel is a frequent geographical theme, but the multivalent nature of the novelist's inscape, or landscape of the mind, has been neglected. Malcolm Lowry's positive evaluation of British Columbia and negative view of Mexico generate a polarity that inform all his later works. His portrayal of basic landscape elements such as seacoast, interior, house, garden, forest, mountain, and cavern is explored in terms of this eutopia.dystopia antinomy. The valency attached to these landscape elements is directly related to locale: for Lowry British Columbia is home, a Dantesque Paradise, while Mexico is away, an Inferno.     

THE CAPITAL AND THE CAMPUS—EACH IN ITS PROPER PLACE

A tension exists between government and the academy. State and federal agencies demand that colleges and universities demonstrate their accountability for public funds and to public policy initiatives. The campuses hold that such requirements have come to represent an inappropriate intrusion into institutional affairs and that they present a serious challenge to academic freedom. While a reduction and redirection of regulation may serve the colleges veil, a review of history indicates that the important developments in higher education have occurred during periods of government involvement. Perhaps, then, the real fear that should be felt on campus is the- recent trend of government disinterest in higher education.     

A TURNING POINT IN THEORY OF HISTORY: THE PLACE OF HAYDEN WHITE IN THE HISTORY OF METAHISTORY

This article intends to place Hayden White's reflection on the basic principles of meaning-construction in history into the historical context of modern historical studies. It first presents the self-understanding of professional historians in which they emphasize the academic (wissenschaftlichen) character of the discipline. In this way of reflection, the traditional (premodern) interpretation of history as a part of rhetoric was pushed back and replaced by methodological argumentation about the rules of research (with an emphasis on source critique). Historiography, or the presentation of the results of research in a narrative form, was not completely neglected, but was not widely recognized. After the analytical insight into the narrative form of historical knowledge, significant discussion of the principles of historical thinking dramatically changed from the issue of research to that of representation (historiography). Hayden White's Metahistory (1973) marked this change paradigmatically. It turned the shift from rhetoric to science in its contrary direction: a new turn to rhetoric was proclaimed. This new anti-turn set off a hitherto unanswered question as to how research methodology should be treated. Source critique was not refuted but did not attract significant attention. The research procedure of interpretation, in contrast, was met by a new understanding and interest: it was identified as representation by the linguistic procedures of meaning-construction. Its role as a part of historical method, however, was completely ignored. The article ends with a still unresolved problem of metahistory, namely the relationship between interpretation and representation. They are not identical, but are closely related. Their synthesis and their differences have to be systematically inquired into and reflected upon if metahistory is to step forward and engage in this task. Then the merits of White's return to rhetoric will be appreciated as well as its one-sidedness criticized, before a further step is taken.     

历史层累视角下的地方形成机制探讨——以北京东高村镇为例

在工业空间的演替过程中,地方是如何形成的?这是地理学探究的问题。本文结合多琳·梅西地方历史层累理论,以北京平谷东高村镇为例,采用访谈方法,调查当地不同时期和同时期内各种动力对该镇地方性的影响。结论表明:资本作用和提琴技艺传承的能动性是决定东高村镇是否保持地方性的关键。本文认为:第一,一个地方历史层累的过程可以视为资本在当地的积累过程。第二,经济层与文化层的互动,以及多元主体的进入,使得原本不构成地方性的制琴技艺,试图转化成为地方性知识传承创新系统。第三,地方还由层内不同行动者与资本结构的博弈产生,一旦行动者无法突破资本结构的束缚,将导致地方性削弱。     

世界上最快乐的地方 芬兰圣诞老人村

很多人预料不到的是,这儿的圣诞老人除了知识广博,还能讲多国语言。令人兴奋的还有圣诞老人邮局里各种充满童话色彩的邮票,贺卡和礼品等。寻访圣诞传奇的人当然乐意搜购作为礼物带回家。所有人从这里寄出的信件,也会特别盖上北极圣诞老人邮局的邮戳.     

EXPERIENCE THE DIFFERENCE: THE COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES OF FOOD‐RELATED ENTREPRENEURS IN RURAL DENMARK

As food production becomes increasingly integrated, globalized and competitive, small‐scale food‐related enterprises in many European countries are struggling to market and monetize their products. Although these struggles have been well documented, few studies have considered the ways in which food‐related entrepreneurs in rural contexts are adapting to and overcoming these challenges. In particular, little is known about how they differentiate and add value to their products. This article focuses on the development and implementation of new and hybrid commercial strategies by food‐related entrepreneurs in three rural communities in Denmark. These strategies add experiential elements to the longstanding practice of commodifying myths associated with rural settings and identities. Although harnessing culture and experiences to sell things is nothing new, we demonstrate that some Danish entrepreneurs are responding to market competition by tweaking and extending these concepts. In particular, it is argued that entrepreneurs use different experiences with varying levels of intensity and consumer engagement for different purposes. Whereas passive experiences such as storytelling are used to educate consumers about the specific qualities of products, more active and participatory experiences are sold as add‐ons and standalone products. The findings contribute to our understanding of food‐related entrepreneurship in rural contexts, consumption, value creation and the experience of economy more broadly.     

地方与认同:欧美人文地理学对地方的再认识

地方是现代人文地理学研究的重要视角之一。以人本主义地理学为代表,现代欧美人文地理学界对地方性意义以及地方在建构个人与社会的文化身份认同的作用进行了深入的探讨与研究。地方对于个人与社会来说,不啻是一个意义的中心,同时也是构建社会关系与权力关系的媒介。因此,地方意义在身份认同的建构过程中有着十分重要的作用。本文从地方-空间的关系、地方认同的多样性与动态性、地方认同与权力的关系以及全球化背景下的地方认同四个方面对欧美人文地理学关于地方与认同之间辩证关系的研究进行系统的述评。     

旅游地流动摊贩的空间生存状态及其影响机制

流动摊贩的空间治理成效关系着目的地的可持续发展。本文建立了关于弱势群体空间政治中“不得其所”与“安适其位”的理论分析框架，并应用于阳朔西街的流动摊贩空间生存状态的案例分析中。发现：①受新自由主义思想主导下的城市管理模式影响，阳朔西街的流动摊贩被政策法规在正式制度层面认定为“不得其所”，但其在旅游经营活动中却受到其他空间使用者的欢迎，在非正式制度层面是“安适其位”；②西街流动摊贩的空间生存状态具有“不得其所”与“安适其位”的双重性，由此也塑造出流动摊贩在阳朔西街时空嵌入的空间结构；③内部群体特征（灵活流动性、规范化提升）与外部社会文化情景（和谐稳定的社会话语、旅游场域的特殊性）两个方面因素不仅有效消解了正式制度层面所形塑出的“不得其所”空间规范，同时也强化了非正式制度层面与空间结构上西街流动摊贩的“安适其位”。     

KYIRONG THE LAST MYSTERIOUS PLACE IN TIBET

Having graduated from university in 1976,The author set out on his journey to Tibet.He took the train from Qingdao of Shandong Province and,via several other places,to Liuyuan in Gansu Province.Changing train,he crossed over Qinghai,passed through Lhasa and then reached Shigatse.Finally,he reached his last stop-Kyirong County,the boundary of China and Nepal,and then stayed there for six years.     

THE PLACE OF CHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY A VIEW FROM THE OLD WORLD*

This article deals with the univeral problem of chronological versus social change and discusses the methodological foundations and the scientific functions of chronological studies, exemplified by the Nordic Bronze Age, a classic example of the development of a chronological system. First the universal validity of the premises of typology and seriation are questioned. Secondly, there is a discussion of the chronological implications of the many possible relationships between the period of production, the period of use and the period of deposition of artefacts. Thirdly the foundations of chronological change is analysed and finally the place of chronological studies in the research process is discussed.     

关中平原历史地名演变中的文化政治格局——基于批判地名学的研究

基于GIS技术，分析从夏到明清，关中平原历史地名空间格局和命名方式的演变规律。从景观表征和布尔迪厄符号权利视角，借鉴批判地名学研究理论，揭示关中平原历史地名空间格局和命名方式演变过程中的文化政治格局。研究发现：①作为关中平原历史地名空间置换的高密度区域，以西安—咸阳为核心的政治中心区，以及以潼关、陈仓（今宝鸡）为核心的军事中心区构成了政治权利空间斗争的中心；而零星分布于外围的自然景观类地名集中区则体现出其作为政治权利空间斗争边缘区的历史稳定性。②统治阶层和群众围绕宫殿陵寝、官宦氏族、人物姓氏、意愿祈福及祭祀庙宇类地名展开命名博弈，各阶层均希望借助地名这一社会文化符号表达“自我”价值和愿望。③关中平原历史地名具有鲜明的时代特征，地名的命名与变更整体上呈现出去阶层意识形态、关注民生文化的特征。