宋玉生平考

宋玉是汉赋的始祖,楚辞的殿军.他首倡的伤春和悲秋两大文学母题,贯穿着整个文学史.不幸的是,宋玉在身前身后二千多年间,竟始终是一位怀才不遇的人物形象.关于宋玉的生平,由于史无详载,以致于有人要否定其人其文的真实性.本文对宋玉的考证,旨在摒弃“扬屈抑宋”的历史偏见,还历史以一个完整的宋玉形象.一,宋玉是楚籍宋人宋玉的国属,最早的记载有两处:屈原既死之后,楚有宋玉、唐勒、景差之徒者,皆好辞而以赋见称.司马迁《史记·原贾生列传》     

文学历史反思断片

1.现经编定的文学史普遍存在一个显而易见的局限:恰如早先历史典籍往往只限于有文字记载的数千年文明史一样,它们事实上仅仅是文学发展的历史。具体地说,它们把文学形态的发生和成熟问题当成了文学历史的演化和发展问题来处理。文学的历史学考察与文学的形态学研究就此失去了必要的区别和联系,文学形态被看成既成事实接受下来,而不去探寻其所以成为文学的根由。古人类学、考古学及文化人类学等学科的发现,早就致使人类学家、历史学家把笔触探往人类的“史前史”;同样地,审美发生学和艺术起源理论的研究也已指明,人类的审美意识和艺术活动有     

关于历史文学的札记

一在史学工作中,对历史文学的研究和实践,是一个很重要的问题。按照白寿彝先生的看法,历史文学有两个意思。一个意思是指用历史题材写成的文学作品,另一个意思是指真实的历史记载所具有的艺术性的文字表述。前一种历史文学,是文学工作者需要着重研究和实践的问题;后一种历史文学是史学工     

“据事直书”——档案工作者的灵魂

档案是对当今重大事件的如实记载。目的是让后人了解事实真相,以从中汲取经验教训。如果档案工作者不敢如实记载当今重大事件的真实真相,就会差之毫厘,缪之千里,后人也就无所凭籍,档案便失去了"以史为鉴,可以知兴替;以人为鉴,可以明得失"的作用,后果是极其可怕的。本文通过总结历史,谈古论今,从档案管理的真实性着手,探讨了各级档案工作者一定要继承发扬我国档案工作的优良传统和作风,为维护档案的真实性和可信性不畏权势,据事直书。     

文学的真实性“真实”在哪里？--文学、新闻真实性之比较

文学和新闻都讲求真实,它们都源于生活,都是客观社会和现实社会的反应。众所周知,真实是新闻的生活,同样,真实对文学作品同样重要。但二者的真实性却存在着本质性的差别。本文着重通过结合具体事例,将新闻的真实性与文学的真实性进行对比,进而探讨文学真实性的独特之处。     

文学的真实性“真实”在哪里？——文学、新闻真实性之比较

文学和新闻都讲求真实,它们都源于生活,都是客观社会和现实社会的反应。众所周知,真实是新闻的生活,同样,真实对文学作品同样重要。但二者的真实性却存在着本质性的差别。本文着重通过结合具体事例,将新闻的真实性与文学的真实性进行对比,进而探讨文学真实性的独特之处。     

浅谈“雷歌”的思想内容和表现手法

据中国文学史记载：“最早的文学是原始人类的口头创作……反映原始人类劳动生活的朴素歌谣……是中国文学的开端,是我国文学史辉煌灿烂的第一页。”“从原始社会起,歌谣就一直伴随和记载着历史。”雷州人的祖先从原始社会起就有自己的歌谣。今日雷州人的祖籍是唐宋时期起就陆续从福建省闽南地区迁来雷州,自然也带来闽南民歌。闽南民歌传入雷州半岛后,在与土著少数民族文化及周邻文化、外来文化的长期交流中,互相渗透,逐步形成了一种既古老又新颖的独特雷州民歌。     

清末黄辅相之死摭疑

晚清名宦黄辅相的生平见于《清史稿》.但关于他的死亡记载,《清史稿》与他的行状存在不少歧出现象.本文比较歧出,根据红旗报捷制度的缺陷和行状作者黄彭年的背景进行分析,对不同记载的真实性进行了初步判定.     

波斯早期犹大政策重探

传统的学术研究往往认为,居鲁士圆柱铭文和希伯莱《圣经》的有关记载可以相互印证,具有历史真实性;两者反映出居鲁士大帝鼓励被掳的犹大人回归故土,并全力支持他们重建圣殿。本文重新分析了铭文文本,指出它和犹大人回归并无直接关系。在此基础上解读《圣经》记载的波斯诏令,本文认为它们缺乏历史真实性,进而结合历史背景,提出波斯帝国早期(公元前539年到前5世纪中期)并未明确鼓励和支持犹大人的回归和重建圣殿。波斯所要求的只是犹大的政治稳定与缴纳赋税,其有限的宽容完全建立在自身利益诉求的基础上。     

中国第一篇反映南京大屠杀的纪实小说《干妈》

正在日军南京大屠杀后不久,曾亲身经历了南京大屠杀恐怖日月的中国作家,迅速用文学的形式反映与揭露这一人类历史上罕见的战争暴行。其中,广东籍作家黄谷柳写的《干妈》,是最早反映南京大屠杀的纪实文学。纪实文学,它既是历史的,又是文学的,还兼有新闻性,是带有文学性的历史与新闻,而第一位的,是它的真实性!正如一位专家所言:"纪实文学留给     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.